Table 1.

Typification of conservation conflicts. Root causes, such as social identity needs and rights violations, may form distal drivers for resurging problems that may or may not have a biological basis, whose short-term solutions for stakeholders directly conflict with conservation aims. These are mere stereotypes of problems to exemplify the complexity of each case

Drivers	Problem	Biological basis	Solution	Conflicting interests
Social identity needs	Livestock predation	Carnivore prey switching for net gain	Persecution	Livestock rancher vs carnivore conservation
Unfulfilled food security	Crop raiding	Herbivore optimal foraging	Persecution	Subsistence farming vs herbivore conservation
Perception of rights violation	Poaching	None	Armed conflicts	Economic necessities vs park functioning
Increase in global food and commodity consumption	Land-use change	Habitat and protected area allocation	Land-sparing/sharing	Land development vs habitat conservation