Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population by stage of CKD.
| Variable | n | Overall Cohort (n = 522) |
Stage 1–2 (n = 142) |
Stage 3 (n = 176) |
Stage 4–5 (n = 139) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age mean (SD) | 515 | 58.2 (16.9) | 48.8(14.5) | 60.3(15.1) | 66.3(15.7) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men (%) | 283 | (55.2) | 78.0 (54.9) | 106.0 (60.2) | 77.0 (55.4) | |
| Women (%) | 230 | (44.8) | 64.0 (45.1) | 70.0 (39.8) | 62.0 (44.6) | 0.568 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| White Irish | 479 | (95.0) | 126.0 (91.3) | 168.0 (96.6) | 132.0 (96.4) | 0.051 |
| White Irish traveller | 2 | (0.4) | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.054 |
| White other | 12 | (2.4) | 2.0 (1.4) | 5.0 (2.9) | 4.0 (2.9) | 0.054 |
| Asian | 2 | (0.4) | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.051 |
| Other | 9 | (1.8) | 8.0 (5.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.052 |
| Cause of CKD (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 138 | (26.8) | 31.0 (21.8) | 44.0 (25.0) | 48.0 (34.5) | 0.045 |
| Diabetes | 62 | (12.0) | 12.0 (8.5) | 25.0 (14.2) | 23.0 (16.5) | 0.105 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 93 | (18.1) | 35.0 (24.6) | 26.0 (14.8) | 21.0 (15.1) | 0.052 |
| Autosomal dominant PKD | 33 | (6.4) | 7.0 (4.9) | 16.0 (9.1) | 7.0 (5.0) | 0.253 |
| Hereditary nephritis | 13 | (2.5) | 5.0 (3.5) | 6.0 (3.4) | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.257 |
| Other cause of CKD | 168 | (32.6) | 53.0 (37.3) | 58.0 (33.0) | 43.0 (30.9) | 0.496 |
| Not known | 70 | (13.6) | 16.0 (11.3) | 18.0 (10.2) | 23.0 (16.5) | 0.231 |
| Biopsy (%) | ||||||
| Native Kidney biopsy | 75 | (14.4) | 27.0 (19.0) | 26.0 (14.8) | 18.0 (12.9) | 0.363 |
| Comorbid Conditions (%) | ||||||
| Gout | 78 | (16.6) | 9.0 (7.5) | 29.0 (17.8) | 31.0 (22.8) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 106 | (22.6) | 21.0 (17.6) | 38.0 (23.2) | 38.0 (27.9) | 0.148 |
| Hypertension | 370 | (78.7) | 87.0 (73.1) | 131.0 (79.9) | 114.0 (83.8) | 0.108 |
| Cancer | 33 | (7.0) | 9.0 (7.6) | 13.0 (7.9) | 9.0 (6.6) | 0.919 |
| Heart failure | 22 | (4.7) | 2.0 (1.7) | 7.0 (4.3) | 10.0 (7.4) | 0.105 |
| Thyroid disease | 48 | (10.2) | 7.0 (5.9) | 19.0 (11.6) | 18.0 (13.2) | 0.124 |
| Stroke or Transient ischaemic attack | 22 | (4.7) | 4.0 (3.4) | 7.0 (4.3) | 9.0 (6.6) | 0.483 |
| Chronic obstructive airways disease | 22 | (4.7) | 4.0 (3.4) | 7.0 (4.3) | 8.0 (5.9) | 0.607 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 38 | (8.1) | 4.0 (3.4) | 17.0 (10.4) | 15.0 (11.0) | 0.042 |
| Coronary heart disease | 75 | (16.0) | 11.0 (9.2) | 26.0 (16.0) | 33.0 (24.3) | 0.005 |
| Obesity | 28 | (6.0) | 5.0 (4.2) | 8.0 (4.9) | 12.0 (8.8) | 0.262 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 127 | (27.1) | 28.0 (23.3) | 48.0 (29.4) | 43.0 (32.1) | 0.287 |
| Depression | 20 | (4.3) | 6.0 (5.0) | 6.0 (3.7) | 7.0 (5.1) | 0.791 |
| Arthritis | 27 | (5.7) | 6.0 (5.0) | 11.0 (6.7) | 6.0 (4.4) | 0.689 |
| Osteoporosis | 30 | (6.4) | 7.0 (5.9) | 16.0 (9.8) | 4.0 (2.9) | 0.053 |
| Current or ex-smoker | 52 | (11.1) | 15.0 (12.6) | 20.0 (12.2) | 12.0 (8.8) | 0.583 |
| Physical Measurements | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 397 | 80.7 (17.5) | 79.8 (15.9) | 79.8 (17.6) | 82.2 (19.5) | 0.748 |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 293 | 75.2 (16.3) | 75.6 (13.1) | 73.6 (13.6) | 75.7 (19.3) | 0.473 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 481 | 137.7 (19.6) | 131.8 (16.6) | 138.5 (19.0) | 141.7 (21.7) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 481 | 77.7 (13.3) | 78.7 (13.8) | 77.7 (12.9) | 76.7 (12.3) | 0.302 |
| Urine tests | ||||||
| Protein: creatinine ratio | 136 | 136.0 (246.8) | 49.0 (71.3) | 150.1 (348.0) | 209.7 (226.3) | <0.001 |
| Albumin: creatinine ratio | 51 | 101.9 (214.9) | 22.7 (28.1) | 93.4 (239.2) | 208.2 (280.0) | 0.004 |
| Prescribed Medications (%) | ||||||
| ACE-I | 114 | (21.8) | 37.0 (26.1) | 45.0 (25.6) | 21.0 (15.1) | 0.040 |
| ARB | 93 | (17.8) | 27.0 (19.0) | 34.0 (19.3) | 26.0 (18.7) | 0.999 |
| ACE-I & ARB | 11 | (2.1) | 3.0 (2.1) | 6.0 (3.4) | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.290 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 196 | (37.5) | 61.0 (43.0) | 73.0 (41.5) | 46.0 (33.1) | 0.187 |
| Aspirin | 169 | (32.4) | 34.0 (23.9) | 59.0 (33.5) | 63.0 (45.3) | 0.001 |
| Beta- blocker | 147 | (28.2) | 36.0 (25.4) | 52.0 (29.5) | 47.0 (33.8) | 0.297 |
| Calcium blocker | 152 | (29.1) | 32.0 (22.5) | 52.0 (29.5) | 50.0 (36.0) | 0.045 |
| Diuretic | 121 | (23.2) | 17.0 (12.0) | 37.0 (21.0) | 54.0 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 169 | (32.4) | 36.0 (25.4) | 64.0 (36.4) | 57.0 (41.0) | 0.016 |
| Vasodilator | 18 | (3.4) | 2.0 (1.4) | 7.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.8) | 0.134 |
| Gout-specific medications (%) | ||||||
| Urate lowering therapies | 53 | (10.2) | 5.0 (3.5) | 17.0 (9.7) | 24.0 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Allopurinol | 49 | (9.4) | 4.0 (2.8) | 15.0 (8.5) | 23.0 (16.5) | 0.001 |
| Febuxostat | 4 | (0.8) | 1.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.999 |
| Acute Flare /flare prophylaxis | ||||||
| Colchicine | 4 | (0.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.0 (1.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.340 |
| Corticosteroid | 21 | (4.0) | 5.0 (3.5) | 11.0 (6.2) | 2.0 (1.4) | 0.093 |
| NSAIDs | 4 | (0.8) | 2.0 (1.4) | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.507 |
PKD, polycystic kidney disease; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication