Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the study population by presence or absence of Gout.
| Variable | n | Overall Cohort (n = 522) |
No Gout (n = 393) |
Gout (n = 78) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Age mean (SD) | 515 | 58.2(16.9) | 58.8(16.6) | 63.9(13.6) | 0.021 |
| Sex | |||||
| Men (%) | 283 | (55.2) | 214 (54.7) | 54 (69.2) | |
| Women (%) | 230 | (44.8) | 177 (45.3) | 24 (30.8) | 0.024 |
| Race (%) | |||||
| White Irish | 479 | (95.0) | 368 (95.8) | 74 (96.1) | 0.756 |
| White Irish traveller | 2 | (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.761 |
| White other | 12 | (2.4) | 5 (1.3) | 3 (3.9) | 0.756 |
| Asian | 2 | (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.76 |
| Other | 9 | (1.8) | 7 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.755 |
| Cause of CKD (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 138 | (26.8) | 117 (29.8) | 18 (23.1) | 0.273 |
| Diabetes | 62 | (12.0) | 49 (12.5) | 13 (16.7) | 0.358 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 93 | (18.1) | 66 (16.8) | 17 (21.8) | 0.328 |
| Autosomal dominant PKD | 33 | (6.4) | 26 (6.6) | 6 (7.7) | 0.805 |
| Hereditary nephritis | 13 | (2.5) | 12 (3.1) | 1 (1.3) | 0.704 |
| Other cause of CKD | 168 | (32.6) | 129 (32.8) | 22 (28.2) | 0.507 |
| Not known | 70 | (13.6) | 49 (12.5) | 12 (15.4) | 0.464 |
| Biopsy (%) | |||||
| Native kidney biopsy | 75 | (14.4) | 60 (15.3) | 9 (11.5) | 0.485 |
| Comorbid Conditions (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 106 | (22.6) | 87 (22.2) | 19 (24.7) | 0.656 |
| Hypertension | 370 | (78.7) | 306 (78.1) | 63 (81.8) | 0.544 |
| Cancer | 33 | (7.0) | 27 (6.9) | 6 (7.8) | 0.807 |
| Heart failure | 22 | (4.7) | 19 (4.9) | 3 (3.9) | 0.999 |
| Thyroid disease | 48 | (10.2) | 42 (10.7) | 6 (7.8) | 0.54 |
| Stroke or Transient ischaemic attack | 22 | (4.7) | 21 (5.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.149 |
| Chronic obstructive airways disease | 22 | (4.7) | 18 (4.6) | 4 (5.2) | 0.77 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 38 | (8.1) | 32 (8.2) | 6 (7.8) | 0.999 |
| Coronary heart disease | 75 | (16.0) | 52 (13.3) | 22 (28.6) | 0.002 |
| Obesity | 28 | (6.0) | 22 (5.6) | 6 (7.8) | 0.435 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 127 | (27.1) | 106 (27.1) | 21 (27.3) | 0.999 |
| Depression | 20 | (4.3) | 20 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.057 |
| Arthritis | 27 | (5.7) | 23 (5.9) | 4 (5.2) | 0.999 |
| Osteoporosis | 30 | (6.4) | 25 (6.4) | 5 (6.5) | 0.999 |
| Current or ex-smoker | 52 | (11.1) | 44 (11.2) | 8 (10.4) | 0.999 |
| Obesity | 28 | (6.0) | 22 (5.6) | 6 (7.8) | 0.435 |
| Physical Measurements | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 397 | 80.7(17.5) | 80.1(16.0) | 86.7(23.1) | 0.094 |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 293 | 75.2(16.3) | 74.7(16.2) | 76.8(18.2) | 0.569 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 481 | 137.7(19.6) | 137.8(18.8) | 140.2(22.5) | 0.576 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 481 | 77.7(13.3) | 77.6(13.7) | 78.6(12.1) | 0.826 |
| Laboratory Measures | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 457 | 48.4 (27.7) | 48.1 (26.9) | 36.3 (19.8) | 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 448 | 12.6 (1.9) | 12.6 (1.9) | 12.5 (1.8) | 0.289 |
| Ferritin (ng/L) | 157 | 253.1 (339.4) | 268.6 (361.3) | 205.8 (194.9) | 0.799 |
| TSAT ratio (%) | 126 | 26.7 (13.4) | 27.6 (13.9) | 22.9 (8.5) | 0.184 |
| Folate (nmol/L) | 95 | 40.2 (143.7) | 38.1 (137.8) | 58.6 (190.4) | 0.215 |
| Vitamin B12 (nmol/L) | 119 | 460.1 (272.1) | 471.4 (287.1) | 451.2 (160.2) | 0.617 |
| Corrected Calcium (mmol/L) | 144 | 2.3 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.3) | 0.528 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 405 | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.1) | 0.701 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 354 | 41.1 (5.6) | 41.4 (5.8) | 38.6 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 376 | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.068 |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (pg/mL) | 162 | 130.6(129.1) | 109.8 (95.1) | 230.3 (199.6) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 192 | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.1) | 0.783 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 124 | 2.6(1.2) | 2.6(1.2) | 2.1(0.6) | 0.106 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 126 | 1.4(0.5) | 1.4(0.5) | 1.3(0.4) | 0.728 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 190 | 4.0(21.6) | 3.1(17.3) | 2.6(1.7) | 0.005 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 79 | 51.6(21.1) | 52.5(22.0) | 52.5(17.8) | 0.850 |
| Urine tests | |||||
| Protein: creatinine ratio | 136 | 136.0(246.8) | 116.1(173.8) | 323.4(571.3) | 0.009 |
| Albumin: creatinine ratio | 51 | 101.9(214.9) | 116.8(233.9) | 38.4(33.2) | 0.999 |
| Medications (%) | |||||
| ACE-I | 114 | (21.8) | 93 (23.7) | 17 (21.8) | 0.772 |
| ARB | 93 | (17.8) | 75 (19.1) | 15 (19.2) | 0.999 |
| ACE-I & ARB | 11 | (2.1) | 9 (2.3) | 2 (2.6) | 0.999 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 196 | (37.5) | 159 (40.5) | 30 (38.5) | 0.801 |
| Aspirin | 169 | (32.4) | 133 (33.8) | 31 (39.7) | 0.363 |
| Alpha Blocker | 18 | (3.4) | 17 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.089 |
| Beta Blocker | 147 | (28.2) | 108 (27.5) | 34 (43.6) | 0.007 |
| Calcium blocker | 152 | (29.1) | 126 (32.1) | 21 (26.9) | 0.423 |
| Diuretic | 121 | (23.2) | 84 (21.4) | 35 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 169 | (32.4) | 140 (35.6) | 26 (33.3) | 0.795 |
| Gout-specific Medications (%) | |||||
| Urate-lowering therapies | 53 | (10.2) | 0 (0.0) | 53 (67.9) | <0.001 |
| Allopurinol | 49 | (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 49 (62.8) | <0.001 |
| Febuxostat | 4 | (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.1) | 0.001 |
| Probenecid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Acute flare/flare prophylaxis | |||||
| Colchicine | 4 | (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.1) | 0.001 |
| Corticosteroid | 21 | (4.0) | 15 (3.8) | 6 (7.7) | 0.136 |
| NSAIDs | 4 | (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.999 |
PKD, polycystic kidney disease; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker: NSAIDs, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.