Table 4. Overview of femur and tibiatarsus measurements (embryonically, at hatching, or at D21 or D35 post hatch) found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by treatment compared to another treatment for broilers incubated under 24L, 12L:12D, or 24D of white LED light throughout incubation.
| Phase | Bone | Measurement | Decreased for | Compared to |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embryonic | Femur | Width E12 | 24D | 12L:12D and 24L |
| Tibiatarsus | Width E8 | 24L | 12L:12D | |
| Width E11 | 24L and 12L:12D | 24D | ||
| Ossification E13 | 24L | 12L:12D | ||
| Ossification E14 | 24L | 12L:12D | ||
| Hatching | Femur | Length | 12L:12D | 12L:12D |
| Minor area moment1 | 24L and 24D | 24D | ||
| Tibiatarsus | Weight | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D | |
| Length | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D | ||
| Cortical area | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D | ||
| Minor area moment1 | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D | ||
| Mean cortical thickness | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D | ||
| D21 | Femur | Length | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D |
| Tibiatarsus | Length | 24L and 24D | 12L:12D | |
| Maximal cortical thickness | 24L and 24D | 12L:12D | ||
| D35 | Femur | Weight | 24L | 12L:12D |
| Depth | 24L | 24D | ||
| Tibiatarsus | Length | 24L | 12L:12D | |
| Cortical area | 24L | 12L:12D and 24D | ||
| Medullary area | 24L | 24D | ||
| Minor area moment1 | 24L | 24D | ||
| Maximal cortical thickness | 24L and 12L:12D | 24D | ||
| Mean cortical thickness | 24L | 24D | ||
| No tibial dyschondroplasia | 24L | 12L:12D |
1Minor or major area moment—second moments of area around the minor and major axis.