Table 1. Study characteristics.
| Study ID | Study location | Category of intervention | Type of intervention versus comparison | Participants | Follow up duration | Level of implementation | Domain of stigma | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li et al. 2015 [39] | China | Information-based, skills building and structural | Identifying and training POL through group discussion, games, and role-plays versus usual care (supplies provided for both arms) | 1740 (880 control and 880 intervention) HCWs from 40 hospitals | 12 months | Organizational, individual | Driver, facilitator | Prejudicial attitude, avoidance intent, adherence to universal precaution, and institutional support |
| Lohiniva et al. 2016 [66] | Egypt | Information-based, skills building and contact | Interactive training and discussion focusing on HIV-related stigma, infection control and medical ethics combined with contact with PLHIV (5 modules) | 347 (203 intervention and 144 control) HCWs from 2 hospitals | 4 months | Individual | Driver | Value-based stigma, fear-based stigma |
| Norr et al. 2012 [62] | Chile | Information-based | 8 sessions of professionally-assisted peer group intervention | 555 (293 control and 262 intervention) HCWs from 5 clinics | 3 months | Individual | Driver | Public contact stigma, client contact stigma, blame |
| Mahendra et al. 2006 [63] | India | Information-based, skills building, structural, contact and biomedical approach | Participatory self-guided assessment and intervention with training, development and dissemination of guidelines and educational materials on infection control | 884 HCWs in pre-test and 885 HCWs post-test from 3 hospitals | 6-months |
Organizational, individual | Driver, facilitator, manifestation | Stigmatizing beliefs and practices |
| Pulewitz et al. 2015 [64] | Vietnam | Information-based, skills building, structural and contact | Arm 1: 1-day workshop and 1.5-day training on HIV/AIDS basic knowledge and universal precaution Arm 2: SAD in addition to interventions in Arm 1 |
795 HCWs at baseline and 797 HCWs at end line | 6 months | Organizational, individual | Driver, facilitator, manifestation | Fear-based stigma, social stigma, enacted stigma |
| Williams et al. 2006 [61] | China | Information-based, skills building | A 5-day workshop comprising didactic lectures | 180 nurses at baseline and 180 nurses post intervention | 5 days | Individual | Driver | AIDS attitude, willingness to carry out nursing activities for PLHIV |
| Uys et al. 2009 [68] | Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania | Information-based, skills building, and contact | A 2-day workshop bringing PLHIV and nurses together | 43 nurses and 41 PLHIV | 1 month | Organizational, individual | Driver, manifestation | stigma, self-efficacy and self-esteem |
| Zachary 1998 [67] | USA | Information-based | A 1-hour group education on homophobia and fear of death | 35 nurses in one medical Centre | Only post intervention data (No follow up) | Individual | Driver | AIDS phobia, homophobia |
NB: POL: Popular opinion leaders, HCWs: Healthcare workers, SAD: Stigma and discrimination,HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, PLHIV: People Living with HIV, USA: United States of America, AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.