Table 5.

Potential cytoprotective agents to protect the prepubertal testis against chemotherapy-induced damage.

Compound	Dose	Chemotherapy drug/doses	Animal model/age	In vivo or in vitro	Effect	Reference
Amifostine	0.2 g/kg	Doxorubicin 0.003 g/kg	Prepubertal rat (pnd 6)	In vivo	No protective effects	Jahnukainen et al. (2001), Hou et al. (2005)
Amifostine	0.4 g/kg	Cisplatin 0.005 g/kg	Prepubertal rat (pnd 30)	In vivo	Partial protection, ↓ seminiferous tubule area and ↑ apoptotic spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes	Lirdi et al. (2008)
Amifostine	0.4 g/kg	Doxorubicin 0.005 g/kg	Prepubertal rat (pnd 30)	In vivo	Partially protects. Did not protect against DNA damage and negatively impacted on embryo development and pregnancy outcome	Vendramini et al. (2010, 2012)
Amifostine	1 µM	Doxorubicin 0.01–1 µM (24 h)	GC-6 spermatogonial and Ser-W3 immature SC cell line (rat)	In vitro	Pre-treatment for 24 h or co-treatment had no impact on cytotoxicity in the Ser-W3 cell line	Tremblay & Delbes (2018)
Cartinine	0.25 g/kg	Etoposide 0.04 g/kg	Prepubertal rat (pnd25)	In vivo	Analysed pnd 30, 64 and 100. Partial protection, reduction in TUNEL+ cells	Okada et al. (2009)
Cartinine	0.25 g/kg/day	Doxorubicin 0.005 g/kg	Prepubertal rat (pnd30)	In vivo	Analysed pnd 64 and 100. Partial protection, ↓ TUNEL+ cells and sperm DNA damage. ↑ Acrosome integrity pre-treatment, no impact on sperm motility and mitochondrial activity. ↓ Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide. ↑ Fertility index and implantation rate improved	Cabral et al. (2014, 2018)
Cartinine	10 mM	Doxorubicin 0.01–1 µM (24 h)	GC-6 spermatogonial and Ser-W3 immature SC cell line (rat)	In vitro	Pre-treatment for 24 h or co-treatment had no impact on cytotoxicity in the Ser-W3 cell line	Tremblay & Delbes (2018)
Curcumin	5 µM	Doxorubicin 0.01–1 µM (24 h)	GC-6 spermatogonial and Ser-W3 immature SC cell line (rat)	In vitro	Pre-treatment for 24 h or co-treatment had no impact on cytotoxicity in the Ser-W3 cell line	Tremblay & Delbes (2018)
Ginseng intestinal metabolite I (GIM-I)	0.05 g/kg/day	Doxorubicin 0.05 g/kg/day	Prepubertal rat (pnd28)	In vivo	Partially protects	Kang et al. (2002)
Vitamin C	40 µg/mL	Doxorubicin 0.01–1 µM (24 h)	GC-6 spermatogonial and Ser-W3 immature SC cell line (rat)	In vitro	Pre-treatment for 24 h or co-treatment had no impact on cytotoxicity in the Ser-W3 cell line	Tremblay & Delbes (2018)