Table 1.

Latest findings on Duffy-negative Plasmodium vivax infections in Africa and the molecular tools used.

Countries with P. vivax infection in Africa	Number of Duffy-negative infections	Diagnostic tools		Year	References
		P. vivax	Duffy genotyping
Cameroon	27	Nested PCR1, Sequencing	PCR – Melting curve analysis	2017	[19]
Mali	25	Microscopy, qPCR2	Nested PCR, Sequencing	2017	[20]
Uganda	4	Microscopy, RDT3, Nested PCR	Not tested	2017	[18]
Ethiopia	2	Microscopy, Nested PCR, Sequencing	PCR, Sequencing	2016	[14]
Benin	13	Microscopy, Serology, Nested PCR, Sequencing	Nested PCR, Sequencing	2016	[15]
Sudan	4	Microscopy, RDT, PCR	PCR-RFLP4	2016	[17]
Botswana	169	Nested PCR	Not tested	2016	[16]
Cameroon	10	Nested PCR, Sequencing	PCR, Sequencing	2016	[11]
Ethiopia	4	Nested PCR, qPCR	PCR, Sequencing	2015	[10]
Senegal	4	Nested PCR, Sequencing	Not tested	2015	[12]
Cameroon	8	Nested PCR, Sequencing	PCR, Sequencing	2014	[9]
Cameroon	6	Microscopy, Nested PCR, Sequencing	PCR-RFLP, Sequencing	2014	[8]
Mauritania	1	qPCR	PCR, Sequencing	2011	[7]
Equatorial Guinea	8	Nested PCR, RFLP	PCR-RFLP, Sequencing	2011	[13]
Angola	7	Nested PCR, RFLP	PCR-RFLP, Sequencing	2011	[13]
Madagascar	42	Microscopy, RDT, PCR, qPCR, Sequencing	PCR, LDR-FMA5, Sequencing, Flow cytometry	2010	[6]
Kenya	9	Microscopy, Nested PCR, Sequencinq	Flow cytometry	2006	[5]

¹PCR, Polymerase chain reaction;

²qPCR, Quantitative PCR;

³RDT, Rapid diagnostic test;

⁴RFLP, Restriction fragment length polymorphism;

⁵LDR-FMA, Ligase detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay.