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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Sci. 2018 Jun 19;21(6):e12680. doi: 10.1111/desc.12680

Table 2. Demographic and psychometric results.

LR11 LM11 LRLM11 TD11 Δ12
Age1 8.67±0.62 8.88±1.19 9.04±1.47 8.70±0.63 F(3,43)=0.31, P=0.819
Sex2 4m/7f 6m/6f 4m/8f 6m/6f Χ2(3)=1.11, P=0.775
Handedness3 11/0 12/0 9/1 12/0 Χ2(3)=3.50, P=0.321
Maternal education4 3.64±1.29 3.83±1.12 3.75±0.75 3.55±1.21 Χ2(3)=0.40, P=0.939
Performance IQ5 99.45±13.43 101.92±17.14 102.67±11.04 106.50±9.08 F(3,43)=0.58, P=0.629
Verbal IQ5 101.00±11.45 107.67±11.05 101.25±11.32 108.42±9.87 F(3,43)=1.58, P=0.209
Full-scale IQ5 100.27±12.83 105.42±12.09 102.42±10.23 108.00±6.48 F(3,43)=1.17, P=0.331
Visuospatial sketchpad6 94.20±12.47 88.42±10.27 87.30±18.57 96.09±14.61 F(3,39)=0.99, P=0.407
Phonological loop7 89.89±15.02 101.27±15.32 96.40±15.08 92.82±18.17 F(3,39)=0.96, P=0.424
Central executive8 89.60±11.08 91.92±16.18 83.20±13.09 95.82±12.09 F(3,39)=1.63, P=0.198
Word reading skills9 91.64±4.32 111.42±3.78 83.42±5.88 109.00±5.10 Χ2(3)=36.91, P<0.001*
Mathematical skills10 111.82±13.49 83.33±6.23 80.83±8.31 111.08±6.69 Χ2(3)=34.66, P<0.001*
1

years

2

m=male/f=female

3

right-handers/left-handers (if < 12 data unavailable)

4

5-point scale: 1= partial high school, 2= high school graduate, 3= partial college, 4= college graduate, 5= graduate degree

5

Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)

6

Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA) block recall / Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMBT-C) block recall (unavailable for 4 participants)

7

Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA) digit recall / Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMBT-C) digit recall (unavailable for 4 participants)

8

Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA) backward digit recall / Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMBT-C) backward digit recall (unavailable for 4 participants)

9

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-II) word reading / Woodcock-Johnson (WJ-III) letter-word identification

10

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-II) numerical operations / Woodcock-Johnson (WJ-III) calculation

11

RD= reading deficits, MD= mathematical deficits, RDMD= reading and mathematical deficits, TD= typically developing

12

one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test,

*

significant (two-sided P value)