Fig. 1.

Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of CVD mortality by an increase in log transformed urinary tungsten concentration corresponding to the interquartile range (75th to 25th percentile; 0.18 µg/L) within subgroups. Hazard ratios were calculated by using age as the time metric with late entries corresponding to age at baseline, stratified by study center (Oklahoma/Arizona/North and South Dakota), and fully adjusted for sex (male/female), urinary creatinine, education (≤ 12 yrs / > 12 yrs), BMI (continuous), low-density lipoprotein (continuous), hypertension (binary), diabetes (binary), eGFR (continuous), smoking (current/former/never), urinary Mo levels (log-transformed continuous), and urinary iAs levels (logtransformed continuous).