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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2018 Nov 3;12(2):256–262. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.017

Figure 2. Moderate intensity VNS enhances plasticity in motor cortex.

Figure 2.

(A) Moderate intensity 0.8 mA VNS paired with forelimb motor training significantly increases the movement representation of the proximal forelimb in motor cortex compared to equivalent motor training without VNS (Sham). Low intensity 0.4 mA VNS and high intensity 1.6 mA VNS both fail to increase proximal forelimb representation compared to Sham. (B) No difference was observed in the area of distal forelimb representation across groups, indicating that VNS-dependent plasticity is specific to the trained movement. (C) No change in the total area of motor cortex was observed across groups. Circles depict individual subjects. Bars represent mean ± SEM. * denotes significant differences using Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.0083.