. 2019 Jan 7;116(4):1207–1212. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1814723116

Table 2.

Living a worthwhile life: Longitudinal associations with social, economic, health, and time use over 4 y

Factor	OR	β	95% CI	SE	P	E (CI)
Social variables
Divorce^a (%)	0.84		0.75–0.94		<0.001	1.5 (1.39)
Living alone^b (%)	0.92		0.87–0.97		0.002	1.39 (1.21)
Close relationships^c (n)		0.082		0.012	<0.001	1.59 (1.46)
Contact with friends ≥ 1/wk^d (%)	1.06		1.01–1.11		0.017	1.2 (1.08)
Organizations^e (n)		0.033		0.010	0.002	1.31 (1.16)
Volunteer ≥ monthly^f (%)	1.10		1.04–1.16		<0.001	1.43 (1.24)
Loneliness rating^g		−0.097		0.012	<0.001	1.67 (1.53)
Cultural activity ≥ every few months^h (%)	1.07		1.02–1.12		0.007	1.34 (1.16)
Economic variables
Wealth highest tertileⁱ (%)	1.05		1.01–1.09		0.015	1.25 (1.14)
Income highest tertile^j (%)	1.03		0.99–1.07		0.070	1.14 (1.0)
Paid employment^k (%)	1.03		0.98–1.09		0.25	1.14 (1.0)
Health variables
Poor/fair self-rated health^l (%)	0.91		0.88–0.94		<0.001	1.27 (1.21)
Limiting longstanding illness^m (%)	0.92		0.90–0.95		<0.001	1.25 (1.19)
Chronic diseaseⁿ (%)	0.94		0.91–0.97		<0.001	1.21 (1.14)
Depressive symptoms^o (%)	0.81		0.77–0.85		<0.001	1.46 (1.39)
Impaired ADL^p (%)	0.86		0.83–0.90		<0.001	1.37 (1.29)
Impaired IADL^q (%)	0.86		0.82–0.89		<0.001	1.37 (1.31)
Chronic pain^r (%)	0.94		0.90–0.98		0.002	1.21 (1.11)
Obesity^s (%)	0.94		0.90–0.98		0.007	1.21 (1.11)
Gait speed^t (m/s)		0.044		0.012	<0.001	1.37 (1.24)
Health behavior
MVPA ≥1/wk^u (%)	1.11		1.06–1.15		<0.001	1.29 (1.2)
Sedentary behavior^v (%)	0.84		0.80–0.88		<0.001	1.67 (1.53)
Fruit and vegetables ≥ 5/d^w (%)	1.09		1.04–1.13		<0.001	1.26 (1.16)
Alcohol^x (units/week)		0.036		0.010	0.001	1.34 (1.21)
Sleep rating good/very good^y (%)	1.13		1.09–1.16		<0.001	1.32 (1.26)
Smoking^z (%)	1.02		0.95–1.10		0.54	1.16 (1.0)
Time use yesterday^aa
Time with friends (min)		0.034		0.013	0.008	1.31 (1.16)
Time alone (min)		−0.054		0.011	<0.001	1.43 (1.32)
Time TV (min)		−0.046		0.011	<0.001	1.39 (1.25)
Time walk/exercise (min)		0.043		0.013	<0.001	1.37 (1.21)
Time work/volunteer (min)		0.028		0.012	0.019	1.28 (1.11)

Adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment and social class. ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; MVPA = moderate/vigorous physical activity; TV = television.

^{^a}

Divorce among those married in 2012.

^{^b}

Living alone among those who were not living alone in 2012.

^{^c}

Adjusting for close relationships in 2012.

^{^d}

Among people without weekly contact in 2012.

^{^e}

Adjusting for organizational membership in 2012.

^{^f}

Continuing volunteering among people who volunteered in 2012.

^{^g}

Adjusting for loneliness in 2012.

^{^h}

Among people who were not culturally active in 2012.

^ⁱ

Adjusting for wealth in 2012.

^{^j}

Adjusting for income in 2012.

^{^k}

Among people employed in 2012.

^{^l}

Adjusting for self-rated health in 2012.

^{^m}

Adjusting for limiting illness in 2012.

^ⁿ

Incidence of chronic disease since 2012.

^{^o}

Adjusting for depression in 2012.

^{^p}

Incidence of impaired ADLs.

^{^q}

Incidence of impaired IADLs.

^{^r}

Incidence of chronic pain among people with no chronic pain in 2012.

^{^s}

Adjusting for obesity in 2012.

^{^t}

Adjusting for gait speed in 2012.

^{^u}

Among people inactive in 2012.

^{^v}

Among people not sedentary in 2012.

^{^w}

Among people not eating ≥5 fruit/vegetables per day on 2012.

^{^x}

Adjusting for alcohol in 2012.

^{^y}

Adjusting for sleep quality in 2012.

^{^z}

Adjusting for smoking in 2012.

^aaTime use reassessed in 2014, analyses adjusted for time use in 2012.