Table 4.
Ordinal logistic regression analysis for serum lipid levels and serum vitamin D level groups
| Estimate Standard error Wald Odd ratio (95% confidence interval) P-value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Triglycerides (TGs) | |||||
| Model 1 | Estimate | Standard error | Wald | Odd ratio (95% confidence interval) | P-value* |
| Vitamin D status 1 | 1.99 | 1.31 | 2.31 | 7.34 (0.56–96.04) | 0.13 |
| Vitamin D status 2 | 3.52 | 1.36 | 6.71 | 33.70 (2.35–482.75) | 0.01 |
| High TGs Normal TGs (Ref.) |
−0.77 | 0.47 | 2.67 | 0.46 (0.18–1.17) | 0.10 |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.28 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.26 |
| Male gender Female gender (Ref.) |
−0.11 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.90 (0.34–2.34) | 0.82 |
| Education: | |||||
| Below high school High school or above (Ref.) |
0.14 | 0.49 | 0.08 | 1.15 (0.44–2.97) | 0.78 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Vitamin D status 1 | − 3.29 | 1.94 | 2.88 | 0.04 (0.001–1.67) | 0.09 |
| Vitamin D status 2 | −1.66 | 1.94 | 0.73 | 0.19 (0.004–8.52) | 0.39 |
| High TGs Normal TGs (Ref.) |
−0.78 | 0.55 | 2.01 | 0.46 (0.16–1.35) | 0.16 |
| Smoking Non-smoking (Ref.) |
−0.17 | 0.59 | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.27–2.65) | 0.77 |
| HbA1c | −0.61 | 0.33 | 3.55 | 0.54 (0.29–1.03) | 0.06 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Vitamin D status 1 | 2.19 | 1.39 | 2.50 | 8.92 (0.59–134.67) | 0.11 |
| Vitamin D status 2 | 3.73 | 1.43 | 6.81 | 41.66 (2.53–685.79) | 0.01 |
| Low HDL-C Normal HDL-C (Ref.) |
−1.09 | 0.52 | 4.47 | 0.34 (0.12–0.92) | 0.04 |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.44 | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.23 |
| Male gender Female gender (Ref.) |
0.19 | 0.54 | 0.13 | 1.21 (0.42–3.49) | 0.72 |
| Education: | |||||
| Below high school High school or above (Ref.) |
0.25 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 1.28 (0.49–3.37) | 0.62 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Vitamin D status 1 | −3.80 | 2.03 | 3.50 | 0.02 (0.00–1.20) | 0.06 |
| Vitamin D status 2 | −2.13 | 2.02 | 1.12 | 0.12 (0.00–6.20) | 0.29 |
| Low HDL-C Normal HDL-C (Ref.) |
−1.13 | 0.56 | 4.02 | 0.32 (0.11–0.98) | < 0.05 |
| Smoking Non-smoking (Ref.) |
0.03 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 1.03 (0.32–3.31) | 0.96 |
| HbA1c | −0.67 | 0.33 | 3.99 | 0.51 (0.27–0.99) | < 0.05 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| Vitamin D status 1 | 2.41 | 1.35 | 3.17 | 11.01 (0.78–156.91) | 0.08 |
| Vitamin D status 2 | 3.91 | 1.40 | 7.81 | 49.81 (3.21–772.72) | 0.01 |
| High LDL-C Normal LDL (Ref.) |
0.31 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 1.36 (0.55–3.38) | 0.51 |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.16 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.28 |
| Male gender Female gender (Ref.) |
−0.28 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.75 (0.29–1.95) | 0.56 |
| Education: | |||||
| Below high school High school or above (Ref.) |
0.12 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 1.13 (0.44–2.90) | 0.80 |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Vitamin D status 1 | −3.38 | 2.03 | 2.79 | 0.03 (0.00–1.80) | 0.10 |
| Vitamin D status 2 | −1.80 | 2.03 | 0.78 | 0.17 (0.00–8.88) | 0.38 |
| High LDL-C Normal LDL-C (Ref.) |
0.19 | 0.56 | 0.11 | 1.21 (0.40–3.62) | 0.74 |
| Smoking Non-smoking (Ref.) |
−0.22 | 0.58 | 0.15 | 0.80 (0.26–2.47) | 0.70 |
| HbA1c | −0.71 | 0.34 | 4.24 | 0.49 (0.25–0.97) | 0.04 |
*Ordinal logistic regression analysis (ordinal dependent variable was vitamin D status: deficient, insufficient and sufficient vitamin D levels in order). We used two models of logistic regression using two groups of co-variables. Model 1 included age, gender, education level and type of lipid as co-variables while model 2 included smoking, HbA1c and type of lipid as co-variables. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. TGs triglycerides, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c