Table 2.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of cases and controls
| Characteristic | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | P Value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Male gender | 45 (63.4) | 80 (56.3) | .38 | 1.34 (0.75–2.41) |
| Age > 65 | 32 (43.7) | 73 (51.4) | .31 | 0.77 (0.44–1.38) |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (26.8) | 50 (35.2) | .28 | 0.67 (0.36–1.26) |
| Corticosteroid therapy (prior 6 months) | 32 (45.1) | 47 (33.1) | .10 | 1.66 (0.93–2.97) |
| Neutropenia | 14 (19.7) | 9 (6.3) | .005 | 3.62 (1.49–8.87) |
| Solid organ transplantation | 14 (19.7) | 23 (16.2) | .57 | 1.27 (0.61–2.65) |
| Hematologic malignancy | 18 (25.4) | 9 (6.3) | <.001 | 5.01 (2.12–11.87) |
| Non-hematologic malignancy | 12 (16.9) | 33 (23.2) | .37 | 0.67 (0.32–1.40) |
| Chronic urologic disorder | 13 (18.3) | 33 (23.2) | .48 | 0.74 (0.36–1.52) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 7 (9.9) | 19 (13.4) | .51 | 0.71 (0.28–1.77) |
| Recurrent urinary tract infections | 7 (9.9) | 14 (9.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.38–2.60) |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Fever (temperature > 38.5 °C) | 49 (69.0) | 104 (73.2) | .31 | 0.81 (0.43–1.53) |
| EMV-score < 15 | 21 (30.6) | 29 (20.4) | .23 | 1.57 (0.81–3.02) |
| Hypotensiona | 18 (25.4) | 23 (16.2) | .14 | 1.79 (0.89–3.63) |
| Current antibiotic useb | 49 (69.0) | 37 (26.1) | <.001 | 6.32 (3.38–11.84) |
| Antibiotic usage preceding 2 months | 67 (94.4) | 67 (47.2) | <.001 | 18.75 (6.49–54.19) |
| ICU/MCU > 2 days | 11 (15.5) | 7 (4.9) | .02 | 3.54 (1.31–9.57) |
| ICU/MC preceding 6 months | 23 (32.4) | 16 (11.3) | <.001 | 3.77 (1.84–7.75) |
| Hospital stay preceding 6 months | 49 (69.0) | 65 (45.8) | .001 | 2.64 (1.45–4.82) |
| Hospitalization > 5 days | 32 (45.1) | 28 (19.7) | <.001 | 3.34 (1.79–6.24) |
| Prior-DRPc | 42 (59.2) | 27 (19.0) | <.001 | 6.17 (3.28–11.61) |
| Source of infection | .06 | – | ||
| Urinary tract | 23 (32.4) | 68 (47.9) | ||
| Intra-abdominal tract | 22 (31.0) | 44 (31.0) | ||
| Respiratory tract | 3 (4.3) | 9 (6.4) | ||
| Skin/soft tissue | 6 (8.6) | 4 (2.8) | ||
| Other | 7 (9.9) | 7 (4.9) | ||
| Unidentified | 10 (14.1) | 10 (7.0) | ||
Data are presented as No. (%). P values are calculated by Fisher exact test, p-value for ‘source of infection’ was calculated by chi-square test. Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, EMV-score: eye-motor-verbal score. ICU/MCU = intensive care unit / medium care unit. IQR = interquartile range. A Hypotension = systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or requirement for intravenous vasopressor agents. B ‘Current antibiotic use’ = at least one administration of antibiotics during the 24 h preceding the collection of blood specimens. c ‘Prior-DRP’ = one of the following drug resistant pathogens isolated from any body site: Vancomycin resistant enterococci, multi resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae with in vitro resistance to aminoglycosides, second and/or third generation cephalosporin’s (including ESBL positive Enterobacteriaceae) and/or quinolones, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with resistance to third generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides or quinolones.