Fig. 4.

Astrocytic DJ-1 protected neurons by upregulating GSH levels. After OGD for 5 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h, astrocytes, neurons, and culture medium were harvested. a Western blot of DJ-1. b Ratios of DJ-1 relative to β-actin. DJ-1 expression was reduced in the knockdown group and upregulated in the overexpression group. c q-PCR results were consistent with Western blots. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. #p < 0.05 vs. control; *p < 0.01 vs. OGD/R; &p < 0.01 vs. OGD/R. n = 3 of samples/group from an experiment, three independent experiments were carried out. d Neuronal viability after exposure to OGD/R. e LDH in the culture medium. f GSH in the culture medium. g γ-GCL in the culture medium. h GSH in rats. Values represent mean ± SEM. #p < 0.05 vs. control; *p < 0.01 vs. OGD/R; &p < 0.05 vs. OGD/R. n = 6 of samples/group from an experiment, three independent experiments were carried out. Values are mean ± SEM. *p < 0.01 vs. sham; &p < 0.01 vs. MCAO, n = 3 of samples/group from an experiment, three independent experiments were carried out