Table 3.
Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Outcomes at 5–8 Months of Age among Healthy Controls, Treatedfor-NOWS, and Not-Treated-for-NOWS Subjects (n=78a)
| HC (n=36) |
Treated-for- NOWSb (n=16) |
Not-Treated-for- NOWSb (n=26) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) | |||
| BSID-III: Cognitive | 100.8 ± 9.4 | 103.4 ± 9.1 | 100 ± 7.7 |
| BSID-III: Language | 98.6 ± 7 | 101.2 ± 7.1 | 101.3 ± 6.6 |
| BSID-III: Motor | 95.6 ± 12.9 | 95.6 ± 10.4 | 96.2 ± 9.4 |
| Parental Stress Index (PSI-SF) | |||
| Parental Distress | 33.2 ± 31.1 | 28.1 ± 18.5 | 39.5 ± 31.2 |
| Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 26.4 ± 22 | 30.6 ± 22.1 | 24.4 ± 20 |
| Difficult Child | 20.4 ± 19.5 | 26.9 ± 23.2 | 20.9 ± 21 |
| Total Stress | 22.5 ± 21.1 | 25.9 ± 22.7 | 23.2 ± 22.2 |
| Infant Behavioral Questionnaire (IBQ-R) | |||
| Surgency | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.8 |
| Negative Affect | 4 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.1 |
| Effortful Control | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.7 |
| Still-Face Paradigm (SFP) | |||
| Positive Infant Affect | |||
| Episode 1 | 26.6 ± 23.1 | 25.7 ± 22.5 | 27.7 ± 25.6 |
| Episode 2 | 2.1 ± 7 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 1.1 |
| Episode 3 | 34.1 ± 23.2 | 34 ± 28.2 | 32.8 ± 28.3 |
| Episode 4 | 1.1 ± 5.7 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.6 |
| Episode 5 | 32.8 ± 26.4 | 31.8 ± 29.7 | 29.5 ± 23.8 |
| Negative Infant Affect | |||
| Episode 1 | 4.9 ± 10.9 | 6.1 ± 9.4 | 4.5 ± 10.8 |
| Episode 2ǂǂ | 22.6 ± 18.5 | 37.5 ± 30.7 | 39.9 ± 34.9 |
| Episode 3 | 12.3 ± 21.5 | 21.8 ± 26.6 | 17.4 ± 28.6 |
| Episode 4 | 40.5 ± 31.9 | 49.9 ± 40.4 | 41.7 ± 35.1 |
| Episode 5 | 21 ± 28.5 | 25.8 ± 36.5 | 24.4 ± 29.4 |
| Infant Self-Regulation | |||
| Episode 1 | 45.8 ± 33.9 | 34 ± 41.3 | 30.3 ± 29.7 |
| Episode 2 | 63.5 ± 31.3 | 40.3 ± 41.4 | 52 ± 36.6 |
| Episode 3 | 49.1 ± 34.2 | 24.1 ± 30.1 | 40.9 ± 36.4 |
| Episode 4 ǂ | 70.0 ± 29.4 | 49.4 ± 34.9 | 56.3 ± 38.5 |
| Episode 5 | 45.6 ± 36.5 | 42.3 ± 36.3 | 43.4 ± 37.4 |
| Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile | |||
| Low Registration | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Less than others | 9 (25.7) | 3 (20.0) | 8 (33.3) |
| Typical performance | 16 (45.7) | 9 (60.0) | 12 (50.0) |
| More than others | 10 (28.6) | 3 (20.0) | 4 (16.7) |
| Sensation Seeking ǂǂ | |||
| Less than others | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Typical performance | 27 (77.1) | 6 (40.0) | 10 (41.7) |
| More than others | 8 (22.9) | 9 (60.0) | 14 (58.3) |
| Sensory Sensitivity | |||
| Less than others | 2 (5.7) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) |
| Typical performance | 27 (77.1) | 9 (60.0) | 14 (58.3) |
| More than others | 6 (17.1) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (41.7) |
| Sensation Avoiding | |||
| Less than others | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Typical performance | 25 (71.4) | 10 (66.7) | 21 (87.5) |
| More than others | 8 (22.9) | 5 (33.3) | 3 (12.5) |
a
Sample size for the SFP assessment is limited to 75 maternal-infant pairs.
b
NOWS requiring pharmacological treatment
ǂ
p<0.05;
ǂǂ
p<0.01 for comparison between two MAT and HC groups
No significant differences were detected between TREATED-FOR-NOWS and Not-Treated-for-NOWS group