Table 3.
Physiological outcomes at baseline and post-intervention in the intervention and control groups.
| AM |
PM |
CON |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL | POST | BL | POST | BL | POST | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.9 ± 4.1 | 30.4 ± 4.5 | 30.6 ± 3.4 | 29.5 ± 3.6 | 27.0 ± 1.2 | 27.7 ± 0.7 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.2 ± 10.2 | 89.5 ± 7.3 | 105.5 ± 6.2 | 97.7 ± 13.1 | 86.4 ± 1.8 | 83.0 ± 1.2 | |
| Body fat (%) | 41.7 ± 8.1 | 40.5 ± 9.8 | 40.6 ± 8.9 | 40.0 ± 8.3 | 39.7 ± 8.1 | 43.3 ± 7.0 | |
| Fat mass (kg) | 36.1 ± 9.1 | 34.6 ± 9.5 | 38.8 ± 13.0 | 36.9 ± 12.9 | 35.0 ± 8.9 | 34.4 ± 8.7 | |
| Lean mass (kg) | 48.4 ± 8.0 | 47.6 ± 7.9 | 48.3 ± 8.9 | 48.2 ± 9.8 | 46.1 ± 6.1 | 46.4 ± 7.6 | |
| RMR (kcal) | 1543 ± 183 | 1520 ± 102 | 1607 ± 148 | 1550 ± 176 | 1350 ± 160 | 1305 ± 84 | |
| VO2peak (mL.kg−1.min−1) | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 35.9 ± 8.3 | 28.5 ± 7.0 | 33.1 ± 8.7 | 27.5 ± 3.8 | 26.8 ± 4.8 | |
| Cardiovascular disease risk factors | Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.7 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | |
| TC:HDL (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | |
| Resting SBP (mmHg) | 119 ± 10 | 114 ± 7 | 135 ± 6 | 121 ± 8 | 123 ± 28 | 126 ± 22 | |
| Resting DBP (mmHg) | 84 ± 8 | 80 ± 6 | 86 ± 9 | 84 ± 10 | 87 ± 16 | 89 ± 16 | |
Data presented as number or M±SD.
AM = morning exercise group, BMI = body mass index, CON = control group, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low density lipoprotein, mmHg = millimetres of mercury, mmol/L = millimoles per litre, PM = evening exercise, RMR = resting metabolic rate, SBP = systolic blood pressure, TC = total cholesterol, VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake.