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. 2019 Jan 21;9:1939. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01939

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Copyright © 2019 Zhao, Zhang, Jia, Feng, Guo, Han, Liu, Shang, Wang and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of vitamin E on cellular apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in the renal cortex of non-diabetic and diabetic rats. (A) The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, α-SMA, and tubulin were analyzed by Western blot in the renal cortex of rats. (B,C) Densitometry was performed for quantification, and the ratio of cleaved caspase-3 or α-SMA to tubulin was expressed as fold of control. (D) TGF-β1 level was assayed in renal cortex lysates. (E) Bar graph shows the fraction of the renal cortex occupied by interstitial tissue (INT%). ^##p < 0.01 versus control (CON); ^∗p < 0.05 versus vehicle-treated diabetic control (DM).