Table 1.
Measurement type used to assess victim blame and situational components featured in studies included in review.
| Study | Blame measure | Situational components |
|---|---|---|
| ∗Abrams et al. (2003) study 1 | Blame and fault | F, R |
| ∗Abrams et al. (2003) study 2 | Blame and fault | F, R |
| ∗Abrams et al. (2003) study 3 | Blame and fault | F, R |
| ∗Ayala et al. (2015) | Blame and responsibility | F, R |
| ∗Bell et al. (1994) | Blame and responsibility | Assailant occupation |
| Ben-David and Schneider (2005) | Responsibility | F, R |
| Bieneck and Krahé (2011) | Blame | A, F, R |
| ∗Black and Gold (2008) | Responsibility | F, R, assailant occupation |
| Blumberg and Lester (1991) | Blame | F, R |
| ∗Bongiorno et al. (2016) | Blame | F, R, RA |
| Branscombe et al. (1996), study 1 | Blame | F, R |
| Branscombe et al. (1996), study 2 | Blame | F, R |
| ∗Calhoun et al. (1976) | Fault | SH |
| Cameron and Stritzke (2003) | Blame and responsibility | A, R |
| ∗Casarella-Espinoza (2015) | Blame and responsibility | A, RA |
| ∗Cassidy and Hurrell (1995) | Responsibility | AP, R |
| ∗Coller and Resick (1987) | Blame and responsibility | A, R |
| ∗D’Cruz and Kanekar (1992) | Fault | Victim willingness to go to police |
| Droogendyk and Wright (2014) | Blame and responsibility | AB |
| Dupuis and Clay (2013) | Responsibility | SH, F, R, RA |
| ∗Ferrão et al. (2016) | Responsibility | AP, F, R |
| ∗Frese et al. (2004) | Responsibility | A, AP, F |
| ∗Ford et al. (1998) | Blame and responsibility | A, SH, F, R |
| George and Martinez (2002) | Blame and responsibility | F, R |
| Gerdes et al. (1988) | Blame | AP, F, R |
| ∗Gilmartin-Zena (1983) | Responsibility | SH, R |
| Girard and Senn (2008) study 1 | Blame | A, D |
| Girard and Senn (2008) study 2 | Blame | A, D |
| ∗Gravelin et al. (2017) study 2 | Blame | A |
| Hammock and Richardson (1997) | Responsibility | A, F, R |
| ∗Hammond et al. (2011) | Responsibility | SH, F, R |
| ∗Harbottle (2015) | Responsibility | SH, F, R |
| ∗Howells et al. (1984) | Blame | SH |
| ∗Idsis and Edoute (2017) | Responsibility | A, SH, F, R |
| ∗Janoff-Bulman et al. (1985) study 2 | Blame | A |
| Johnson (1994) | Responsibility | SH |
| ∗Johnson (1995) | Blame | SH |
| Johnson and Jackson (1988) | Responsibility | F, R |
| ∗Johnson et al. (1995) study 2 | Responsibility | F, R |
| Johnson et al. (1989) | Responsibility | F, R |
| ∗Johnson et al. (2016) | Responsibility | A, F, R, SH |
| Kanekar and Nazareth (1988) | Fault | SH, physical harm and emotional disturbance after the assault |
| ∗Kanekar and Seksaria (1993) | Fault | SH, F, R |
| Kanekar et al. (1991) study 1 | Fault | Assailant and victim occupation, victim’s willingness to go to police |
| Kanekar et al. (1991) study 3 | Fault | Victim’s marital status |
| Kanekar et al. (1991) study 5 | Fault | F, R |
| Kerr and Kurtz (1977) | Blame | SH, F, R |
| Klippenstine et al. (2007) | Blame and responsibility | A, F, R, SH |
| Kopper (1996) | Blame and responsibility | F, R |
| Krahé et al. (2007) study 1 | Blame | F, R |
| Krahé et al. (2007) study 2 | Blame | A, F, R |
| ∗Lambert and Raichle (2000) study 1 | Blame and responsibility | A, R |
| ∗Lambert and Raichle (2000)study 2 | Blame and responsibility | A, R |
| Landström et al. (2016) | Blame, fault, and responsibility | A, F, R |
| Masser et al. (2010) | Blame and fault | F, R |
| ∗Maurer and Robinson (2008) | Responsibility | F, R |
| ∗McCaul et al. (1990) study 1 | Blame | F |
| ∗McCaul et al. (1990) study 2 | Blame and responsibility | F |
| McKimmie et al., 2014 | Blame | F, R |
| Miller et al. (2012) | Blame and responsibility | A, AP |
| Muehlenhard and MacNaughton (1988) | Responsibility | AP, SH, F, R |
| ∗Munsch and Willer (2012) | Responsibility | A, R |
| Nario-Redmond and Branscombe (1996), study 1 | Blame | F, R |
| Nario-Redmond and Branscombe (1996), study 2 | Blame | F, R |
| Ong and Ward (1999) | Fault | F, R |
| Pederson and Strömwall (2013) | Blame | F, R |
| ∗Persson et al. (2018) | Blame | F, R |
| Pugh (1983) | Blame | A, AP, SH, F, R |
| Qi et al. (2016) | Fault | A, D, F, R |
| Richardson and Campbell (1982) | Blame and responsibility | A, R |
| Root (1993) | Blame | AB |
| ∗Romero-Sánchez et al. (2012) Study 1 | Blame | A, F, R |
| ∗Romero-Sánchez et al. (2012) Study 2 | Blame | A, F, R, victim sexual attraction |
| Schuller et al. (2010) | Blame | F, R, Victim emotionality, gender stereotypicality |
| ∗Schuller and Wall (1998) | Blame and responsibility | A, F, R |
| Scronce and Corcoran (1995) | Responsibility | A, F, R, attempted or completed rape |
| ∗Shotland and Goodstein (1983) | Blame and responsibility | AP, F, R |
| ∗Simonson and Subich (1999) | Responsibility | F, R |
| ∗Sims et al. (2007) | Responsibility | A, R |
| Sommer et al. (2016) | Blame and responsibility | F, R, SH |
| ∗Smith et al. (1976) | Responsibility | SH, F, R |
| ∗Spencer (2016) | Blame | F, R, victim occupation |
| ∗Stahl et al. (2010) study 1 | Blame | A, AP, F, R |
| ∗Stahl et al. (2010) study 2 | Blame | A, AP, F, R |
| Starfelt et al. (2015) | Blame | A, F, R |
| Stormo et al. (1997) | Blame and responsibility | A, F, R |
| Strömwall et al. (2013) | Blame | F, R |
| ∗Stuart et al. (2016) | Blame and fault | F, R, victim emotionality |
| ∗Tetreault and Barnett (1987) | Responsibility | F, R |
| Van Den Bos and Maas (2009) study 1 | Blame | AB |
| Varelas and Foley (1998) | Responsibility | F, R, RA |
| Viki and Abrams (2002) | Blame | SH |
| ∗Wall and Schuller (2002) | Blame and responsibility | A, F, R |
| ∗Whatley and Riggio (1992) | Responsibility | A, AP |
| ∗Wiener and Vodanovich (1986) | Responsibility | F, R, assailant criminal history |
| Willis (1992) | Responsibility | RA |
| ∗Wooten (1980) | Responsibility | R |
| ∗Workman and Orr (1996) | Responsibility | AP, F, R |
| Wyer et al. (1985) | Responsibility | F, R |
| ∗Yamawaki (2007) | Blame | F, R |
| ∗Yamawaki and Tschanz (2005) | Blame | F, R |
| ∗Yamawaki et al. (2007) | Blame | F, R, assailant occupation |
∗ = full scenarios obtained. Blame is typically measured as how much the victim is to blame for her assault (rated on a scale with endpoints such as “not at all” to “to a great extent/completely;” responsibility is typically measured as a percentage of responsibility assigned to the involved parties; fault is typically measured as how much the victim is at fault for what happened rated on a scale with endpoints such as “not at all” to “very much/extremely). Abbreviations used to depict which of the following components were present and/or manipulated in scenario(s) for each study; A, Alcohol; D, Drugs; AP, Appearance; SH, Sexual history/actions; F, Force; R, Resistance; RA, victim and/or assailant race/ethnicity; AB, Scenario details absent.