Fig. 5.

Immunoblot analyses for evaluation of NF-κB, AP-1 and MAPKs activation in colonic epithelial cells isolated from DSS mice. (A) The nuclear protein was extracted from epithelial cells of DSS mice, and NF-κB and phosphorylated (P) c-Jun were evaluated by immunoblotting. (B) The cytoplasmic protein was extracted from epithelial cells of DSS mice, and total and phosphorylated ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1 were evaluated by immunoblotting. The picture is representative of three independent experiments. AX, astaxanthin.