. 2018 Dec 4;119(2):1456–1518. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136

Table 2. Selected Examples of Inorganic Nanoparticle-Based Signal Generation Probes^a.

signal generation probe/method	biomarkers	signal type	equipment	sample matrix	LOD	range	assay time	diagnostic setting
AgNPs	YFV NS1, DENV NS1, and ZEBOV glycoprotein²²⁹	colorimetric	lateral flow assay (LFA)	human serum	150 ng/mL	NR	NR	Level 1
	(a) MERS-CoV DNA	colorimetric	microfluidic paper analytical device (μPAD)	aqueous buffer	(a) 1.53 nM	(a) 20–10000 nM	NR	Level 1
	(b) MTB DNA				(b) 1.27 nM	(b) 50–2500 nM
	(c) HPV DNA²³¹				(c) 1.03 nM	(c) 20–2500 nM
CdSe/ZnSQDs	(a) anti-HBV Abs	luminescent	microfluidic device	human serum	(a) 10 pM	10–10000 pM	∼1 h	Level 2–4
	(b) anti-HCV Abs				(b) 3 pM
	(c) anti-gp41 Abs²⁵³				(c) 3 pM
dual (AuNP and QD) readout nanospheres (RNs)	EBOV glycoprotein²⁵⁷	colorimetric and luminescent	lateral flow assay (LFA)	aqueous buffer/tap water, urine, and plasma	AuNPs: 2 ng/mL	AuNPs: 20−1000 ng/mL	20 min	Level 1 or Level 2
					QDs: 0.18 ng/mL	QDs: 2–1,000 ng/mL
Eu³⁺ chelate-loaded NPs	hemagglutinin (HA) 1²⁸⁹	fluorescent	lateral flow assay (LFA)	spiked human nasopharyngeal specimens	20 HAU/mL	10–160 HAU/mL	15 min	Level 2
	hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)³⁰⁵	fluorescent	lateral flow assay (LFA)	Aqueous buffer/Human serum	30 pg/mL	50–3130 pg/mL	30 min	Level 2
Y₂O₂S:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ UCPs	circulating anodic antigen (CAA)³¹⁷	fluorescent	lateral flow assay (LFA)	human urine	0.03 pg/mL	0.03–100 pg/mL	∼4.5 h	Level 2

NR = not reported.

Table 2. Selected Examples of Inorganic Nanoparticle-Based Signal Generation Probesa.