| literature-based
prototypes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| brightfield/fluorescent (video) microscope |
LoaScope/CellScope492,497,498,500
|
L. loa, malaria, TB, Helminths |
capillaries containing whole blood, stained smears on glass
slides |
laboratory standard |
USB |
mobile phone |
<∼$30500
|
| brightfield/fluorescent
microscope |
Global Focus microscope480,485
|
TB |
stained blood/sputum
smears on glass slides |
laboratory standard |
2 AA batteries |
mobile phone |
∼$240 |
| brightfield/darkfield/fluorescent/lens array microscope |
Foldoscope488,489
|
Malaria, G. lamblia, L. donovani, T. cruzi, E. coli, S. hematobium eggs |
blood and culture films (stained and unstained)
on glass slide |
laboratory standard |
batteries |
optional mobile phone or camera |
<$1 |
| digital holographic microscope |
field-portable
pixel super-resolution color microscope (Ozcan group)479
|
mammalian cells (cancer) |
use-specific commercial kit (ThinPrep) |
laboratory standard |
not specified |
laptop |
not specified |
| software-based imaging analysis |
mLAB platform512,577
|
malaria, HIV |
LFA’s required protocol |
minimal |
mobile device’s rechargeable battery |
mobile device with HTML-based browser |
not specified |
| QR code-based imaging analysis and assays |
beRDT513
|
Malaria |
custom-designed lateral flow assays |
minimal |
mobile device’s rechargeable battery |
mobile
device with iOS app |
not specified |
| colorimetric 96-well plate reader |
3D-printed
cell phone plate reader (Ozcan group)382
|
measles, mumps, HSV1, and
HSV2 |
ELISA or assay’s required protocol |
laboratory standard |
Mobile device’s battery
with attachment using 6 AAA
batteries |
mobile device with 3D-printed attachment |
not specified |
| spectrophotometer (transmission,
reflectance, and intensity) |
TRI-analyzer (Cunningham group)516
|
fetal fibronectin, phenylalanine |
ELISA or assay’s
required protocol |
laboratory standard |
mobile device’s battery with attachment using 3 AA batteries |
mobile device with 3D-printed attachment |
∼$550 |
| SPR detection |
SPR cell phone sensor
(Filippini group)519
|
β2 microglobulin control |
Biocore CM5 Sensor Chip (GE) protocol or similar |
laboratory
standard |
mobile device’s rechargeable battery |
mobile device with optical coupler |
not specified |
| fluorescent microscope and cytometer |
smartphone-based cytometry tool (Tasoglu group)523
|
breast, ovarian,
and lung cancer cells |
cell staining, mixing in paramagnetic
solution, insertion in
capillary tube |
laboratory standard |
mobile
device’s Rechargeable battery |
mobile device with
3D-printed attachment |
∼$106 |
| electrochemical assay reader |
uMed device (Whitesides group)173
|
glucose, heavy metals, sodium ions, HRP2 |
specific to individual assay |
minimal |
rechargeable battery |
standalone, using phone
for data transfer |
∼$25 |
| commercial POC instrumentation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| confocal lateral flow reader |
ESEQuant (Qiagen, Inc.)346,578
|
customizable to any optical signal |
LFA’s required protocol |
minimal |
rechargeable battery, AC power, or car adapter |
standalone or with laptop |
∼$1000–10000
(based on quantity and options) |
| CMOS sensor imaging lateral flow reader |
RDS-2500 (Detekt Biomedical, LLC)504−506
|
visual and fluorescent labels |
LFA’s required protocol |
minimal |
rechargeable battery |
standalone or with laptop |
(Previous model started at ∼$2000) |
| Raman spectrometer (SERS) |
FirstDefender RMX (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.)538,539
|
any substance
in its chemical library |
none; sensor can ID substance
surface or in translucent container |
minimal |
rechargeable battery or 123a disposable batteries |
standalone
unit |
∼$68000 (Fisher) |
| Raman spectrometer (SERS) |
NanoRam (B&W Tek, Inc.)540,541
|
any substance in its chemical library |
none; sensor can ID substance surface or in translucent container |
minimal |
rechargeable battery |
standalone
unit (optional attachments) |
∼$43.500 (VWR) |
| magnetic assay reader |
magnetic immuno-chromatographic test (MICT) (MagnaBioSciences, LLC)549,550
|
any magnetic
lateral flow assay (strip placed in disposable
cassette) |
LFA’s required protocol |
minimal |
AC power |
standalone unit |
∼$30000 |
