Table 2.

Influences of sex hormones on lung disease.

	Hormone effects
Disease	Estrogen	Progesterone	Testosterone	Sources
Asthma	+/−	+	+/−	2,24,67,75–80
COPD	−	+	+	28,81–84
Cystic fibrosis	−	−	nd	85–90
Allergic rhinitis	−	−	+/−	91–93
Lung cancer	−	+	−	94–97

Note: (+) positive effect, (−) negative effect, (+/v) conflictive data, (nd) no data.