Table 2.
Studies examining CMDs during pregnancy who experienced an earthquake
| Study/type | Setting | Distance between study site and the earthquake epicentre | Magnitude of earthquake (Richter scale)/epicentre | When had experienced an earthquake | Sample for those who experienced an earthquake | Sample of comparison group | Gestational age at the time of study (trimester) | Assessment instrument and cut off score | Locally validated instrument among pregnant women | Prevalence of CMDs (%) (95% CI): those who experienced an earthquake | Prevalence of CMDs (%) (95% CI): comparison group | P-value for difference in prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle economy | ||||||||||||
| Lau Ying, et al., 2011 [17], Cross-sectional | Four hospitals, Chengdu, Sichuan China | 90 km | 8.0, Wenchuan county, Sichuan province | During pregnancy | 578 | 578 | 2 | EPDS ≥14 | No | 7.1 (5.1; 9.5); | 9.2 (6.9; 11.8) | – |
| Qu Zhiyong, et al., 2012 [15], Cross-sectional | Mianzhu People’s hospital and Mianzhu Maternal and Child Health hospital, China | 30 km | 8.0, Wenchuan county, Sichuan province | 18 months before pregnancy | 311 | No comparison group | 1, 2, 3 | EPDS ≥10 IES-R ≥ 2 |
Yes | 40.8 (35.5; 46.4) | – | |
| No | 12.2 (9.0; 16.4) | – | ||||||||||
| Dong Xuehan, et al., 2013 [16], Cross-sectional | Mianzhu People’s hospital, Mianzhu Maternal and Child Health hospital and Gaobeidian County Hospital, China | 30 km | 8.0, Wenchuan county, Sichuan province | 4 years before pregnancy | 252 | 268 | 2 | EPDS ≥10 | Yes | 34.5 (28.9; 40.6); | 39.6 (33.9; 45.5) | P = 0.236 |
| Ren et al., 2015 [19], Cross-sectional | 3 hospitals of Ya’an City, China | 0 km | 7.0, Lushan county, Ya’an city | During pregnancy | 128 | No comparison group | 2 | EPDS ≥14 | No | 35.2 (26.9; 44.1) | ||
| High economies | ||||||||||||
| Chang Hseuh-ling, et al., 2002 [18], Cross-sectional | Antenatal clinic of Pu-Li Christian Hospital, Taiwan | a few km away (exact km not reported) | 7.3, central Taiwan | During or 6 to 12 months before pregnancy | 171 | No comparison group | Not reported | CHQ-12 > 3 | No | 29.2 (22.5; 36.7) | – | |
| Hibino Yuri, et al., 2009 [13], Cross-sectional | Four hospitals, Noto area Japan | 0 km | 6.9, Noto Peninsula | During or about 3 months before pregnancy | 99 | No comparison group | 2, 3 | EPDS ≥10 | No | 13.1 (7.2; 21.4) | – | |
| Watanabe et al., 2016 [14], Cross-sectional | 14 units centre from 7 municipalities in Japan | near to epicentre (km not reported) | 9.0, near Miyagi | During pregnancy | 670 | 6803 | Not reported | K6 ≥ 13 | No | 4.6 (3.2; 6.5) | 3.1 (2.7; 3.6) | – |
Note: CI Confidence Interval, km kilo meter, CMD Common Mental Disorder, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, IES-R Impact of Event Scale-Revised, CHQ Chinese Health Questionnaire, K6 Kessler −6