Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and demographic of patients hospitalized with acute liver failure during 2009 to 2013
| Variables | Survived ≥ 30 days (n = 15,087) | Died within 30 days (n = 5502) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 44.8 ± 20.4 | 51.7 ± 20.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 8810 (58.4%) | 3467 (63.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital level | |||
| Primary, n (%) | 9813(65.0%) | 3484 (63.3%) | 0.02 |
| Secondary, n (%) | 2789 (18.5%) | 975 (17.7%) | 0.21 |
| Tertiary, n (%) | 1106 (7.3%) | 374 (6.8%) | 0.19 |
| Others, n (%) | 1379 (9.1%) | 669 (12.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Residence by region | < 0.001 | ||
| Central, n (%) | 3187 (21.1%) | 1254 (22.8%) | 0.01 |
| Northeast, n (%) | 6075 (40.3%) | 1926 (35.0%) | < 0.001 |
| North, n (%) | 1676 (11.1%) | 775 (14.1%) | < 0.001 |
| South, n (%) | 1281 (8.5%) | 523 (9.5%) | 0.02 |
| Others, n (%) | 2865 (19.0%) | 1024 (18.6%) | 0.54 |
| Co-morbidity | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 111 (0.7%) | 99 (1.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 435 (2.9%) | 376 (6.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1302 (8.6%) | 584 (10.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 304 (2.0%) | 242 (4.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 392 (2.6%) | 291 (5.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Etiology | |||
| Hepatitis A virus, n (%) | 16 (0.1%) | 4 (0.1%) | 0.50 |
| Hepatitis B virus, n (%) | 228 (1.5%) | 139 (2.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatitis C virus, n (%) | 84 (0.6%) | 53 (1.0%) | 0.001 |
| Hepatitis E virus, n (%) | 1 (0.00007%) | 0 | 0.55 |
| Acetaminophen, n (%) | 323 (2.1%) | 26 (0.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Non-acetaminophen drugs, n (%) | 4363 (28.9%) | 1011 (18.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Autoimmune, n (%) | 7 (0.0005%) | 8 (0.1%) | 0.02 |
| Vascular cause, n (%) | 17 (0.1%) | 21 (0.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Malignant infiltration, n (%) | 88 (0.6%) | 272 (4.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Other, n (%) | 7 (0.0005%) | 3 (0.1%) | 0.82 |
| Indeterminate, n (%) | 10,250 (67.9%) | 4049 (73.6%) | < 0.001 |