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Influence of SPE on the production of inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress parameters in paw tissue. The edema was induced with 30 μL of 1% carrageenan. Different doses of SPE were administered orally 1 h prior to carrageenan injection. (a) TNF-α expression levels. (b): IL-6 expression levels. (c) MDA level. (d) SOD activity in edema tissue. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 versus model group.
