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Diagnostic criteria for HPS.
| Liver disease | Acute or chronic, with or without portal hypertension |
|---|---|
| Impaired oxygenation | A-a oxygen gradient ≥15 mmHg or |
| A-a oxygen gradient ≥ 20 mmHg in patients > 64 years old | |
|
| |
| Intrapulmonary vascular dilatation | Contrast-enhanced echocardiography |
