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ROS–carbonylation cycle. Increased adipocyte ROS leads to lipid hydroperoxide product and the generation of reactive lipid electrophiles such as 4-HNE and 4-HHE. Reactive lipid aldehydes in turn covalently modify proteins of the adipocyte, particularly those in the mitochondrion and nucleus to regulate major metabolic processes, including gene expression, protein secretion, and insulin action.
