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Trilateral relationship among M2 macrophages, autocrine VEGF and PD‐L1 expression for their role of immunomodulation. The bilateral co‐relations were indicated by the previous studies. Autocrine VEGF that regulates the expression of PD‐L1 on M2 macrophages was proved in our study. PD‐L1+ M2 macrophages participate in T cell immunomodulation. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1
