. 2018 Nov 30;10(1):5–19. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0535-9

Table 1.

The physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

Location	Increased	Decreased
Brain	Neuroprotection (preclinical)	Appetite
Cardiovascular system	Regional and global LV function	Blood pressure
	Heart rate (Clinical)	Endothelial dysfunction (Preclinical)
	–	Ischemia-induced myocardial damage
Muscle	Glucose uptake^a	–
Adipose tissue	Glucose uptake	–
Adipose tissue	Lipolysis	–
Liver	–	Glucose production^a
Liver		Lipid profile
Stomach	–	Gastric emptying (Clinical)
Kidney	Natriuresis	–
Pancreas	Glucose-dependent insulin secretion (Clinical)	Glucose-dependent glucagon secretion (Clinical)
Pancreas	Beta cell proliferation^b	Beta cell apoptosis^b

Data were extracted from references [5–9]

LV left ventricular

^aIndirect action

^bIn animal models