Long-term TPA treatment inhibited expansion of breast cancer cell numbers. Cells were treated with 100 nM TPA over a period of 6 days (as described in Materials and Methods). TPA significantly inhibited the HBC MCF7, T47D, BT20, and MDA-231 cell numbers. n=3. Values are mean ± SD for experimental replicates, statistical analyses, two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests, *P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.