Table 3. The marginal effects of the CPI, shadow economy, documents to import and cost to import on the mean E(u) of the inefficiency term ui,t.
| Country | Marginal effect of CPI on E(u) | Marginal effect of shadow economy on E(u) | Marginal effect of documents to import on E(u) | Marginal effect of cost to import on E(u) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | -0.20965 | -0.11967 | -0.02287 | -0.03417 |
| Belgium | -0.10162 | -0.02462 | 0.003217 | -0.02351 |
| Bulgaria | -0.46367 | 0.497469 | 0.275955 | -0.2341 |
| Czech Republic | -0.43637 | -0.02934 | 0.046542 | -0.11683 |
| Denmark | -0.06832 | -0.02479 | -0.00137 | -0.01409 |
| Estonia | -0.43206 | 0.52294 | 0.282587 | -0.23049 |
| Finland | -0.11942 | -0.01335 | 0.010458 | -0.03087 |
| France | -0.22614 | -0.07868 | -0.00308 | -0.04734 |
| Germany | -0.12476 | -0.03793 | 0.000649 | -0.02726 |
| Greece | -0.45783 | 0.281467 | 0.182616 | -0.18752 |
| Hungary | -0.39489 | 0.17873 | 0.130072 | -0.14843 |
| Ireland | -0.16674 | -0.08907 | -0.01558 | -0.02845 |
| Italy | -0.35084 | -0.05734 | 0.022959 | -0.08691 |
| Latvia | -0.44875 | 0.442218 | 0.250261 | -0.2184 |
| Lithuania | -0.45475 | 0.538211 | 0.292203 | -0.24006 |
| Luxembourg | -0.1275 | -0.07404 | -0.01445 | -0.02052 |
| Malta | -0.45715 | 0.573033 | 0.307448 | -0.24798 |
| Netherlands | -0.10341 | -0.04807 | -0.00659 | -0.01913 |
| Poland | -0.39879 | 0.149135 | 0.117919 | -0.14337 |
| Portugal | -0.24023 | -0.01391 | 0.026581 | -0.06478 |
| Romania | -0.46435 | 0.531178 | 0.29049 | -0.2413 |
| Slovakia | -0.42466 | 0.064255 | 0.085056 | -0.133 |
| Slovenia | -0.33441 | 0.138362 | 0.104583 | -0.12299 |
| Spain | -0.17756 | -0.03321 | 0.009822 | -0.04311 |
| Sweden | -0.07713 | -0.02527 | -0.00038 | -0.01647 |
| United Kingdom | -0.12199 | -0.06116 | -0.00968 | -0.02165 |
| EU-26 average | -0.28396 | 0.12256 | 0.090978 | -0.10549 |
Source: Own calculation.