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Mean morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) consumption at sequential times after surgery for control and experimental groups. The bars depict mean values for experimental and control groups, with whiskers representing standard error values. The mean PCA consumption of the treatment group was significantly lower than the control at 4 h after surgery (p = 0.002) but not significantly lower on POD1 (p = 0.100), POD2 (0.348) and POD3 (0.653).
