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. 2019 Jan 22;5:120. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00120

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Copyright © 2019 Smolders, Zodda, Quax, Carini, Barberà, Thomson, Tura-Ceide and Cascante.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphical representation of vascular changes occurring in PH and atherosclerosis. Narrowing of the artery lumen is caused by intimal proliferation (PH) and by plaque formation (atherosclerosis) and is a result of disease specific EC dysfunction and cellular metabolic switches. EC, endothelial cell; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; PH, in pulmonary hypertension.