Table 2.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between the biopsychosocial factors and latent class membership (n = 8751)

	N	Bedwetting alone	Daytime wetting alone	Delayed	Persistent wetting	p value
Biological and developmental factors
Developmental level at 18 monthsa	7301	1.04 [0.94–1.15]	1.43 [1.20–1.70]	1.52 [1.33–1.72]	1.35 [1.18–1.55]	< 0.001
Gestational age < 37 weeks (ref = ≥ 37 weeks)b	7771	0.87 [0.55–1.38]	0.84 [0.32–2.21]	1.48 [0.90–2.43]	1.17 [0.70–1.93]	0.511
Birth weight < 2.5 kg (ref = ≥ 2.5 kg)b	7622	0.97 [0.59–1.59]	2.35 [1.27–4.35]	1.12 [0.57–2.17]	1.14 [0.64–2.04]	0.081
Maternal history of bedwetting after age 5 (ref = none)c	8516	2.75 [2.08–3.64]	1.31 [0.82–2.38]	1.66 [1.07–2.56]	3.77 [2.81–5.06]	0.001
Maternal history of daytime wetting after age 5 (ref = none)c	8516	0.31 [0.03–3.66]	2.41 [0.59–9.87]	2.35 [0.92–6.03]	3.60 [1.75–7.40]	0.004
Paternal history of bedwetting after age 5 (ref = none)c	6296	1.67 [1.20–2.32]	1.49 [0.84–2.66]	1.57 [1.04–2.37]	1.53 [1.00–2.33]	0.002
Paternal history of daytime wetting after age 5 (ref = none)c	6296	0.95 [0.06–15.13]	2.91 [0.32–26.47]	8.82 [3.01–25.8]	2.34 [0.33–16.81]	0.002
Psychosocial factors
Difficult temperament at 2 yearsd
Activity	6613	1.13 [1.03–1.25]	1.07 [0.91–1.26]	1.27 [1.12–1.44]	1.03 [0.91–1.17]	< 0.001
Adaptability	6568	1.17 [1.06–1.29]	1.21 [1.02–1.45]	1.27 [1.12–1.44]	1.25 [1.10–1.41]	< 0.001
Intensity	6390	1.07 [0.97–1.18]	1.04 [0.87–1.26]	1.18 [1.01–1.37]	1.24 [1.09–1.41]	< 0.001
Mood	6590	1.12 [1.01–1.23]	1.34 [1.13–1.58]	1.33 [1.18–1.51]	1.26 [1.11–1.44]	< 0.001
Persistence	6508	1.09 [0.99–1.21]	1.04 [0.87–1.24]	1.15 [1.00–1.33]	1.21 [1.06–1.38]	0.003
Behavior/emotional problems at 3½ yearse
Emotional difficulties	6696	1.04 [0.95–1.14]	1.11 [0.94–1.32]	1.21 [1.06–1.38]	1.20 [1.06–1.36]	< 0.001
Conduct difficulties	6696	1.17 [1.06–1.29]	1.29 [1.08–1.54]	1.61 [1.42–1.82]	1.28 [1.14–1.44]	< 0.001
Hyperactivity	6696	1.05 [0.95–1.15]	1.05 [0.88–1.25]	1.37 [1.22–1.55]	1.24 [1.11–1.39]	< 0.001
Low level of prosocial behaviour	6696	1.02 [0.92–1.13]	1.05 [0.87–1.28]	1.39 [1.21–1.59]	1.17 [1.03–1.32]	< 0.001
Total behaviour difficulties	6696	1.20 [1.08–1.32]	1.33 [1.12–1.59]	1.80 [1.59–2.03]	1.56 [1.39–1.74]	< 0.001
Temper tantrums at least once a day at 3½ years (ref = once a week or rarer)e	6644	1.15 [0.88–1.52]	1.26 [0.80–2.00]	1.37 [0.97–1.96]	1.55 [1.13–2.13]	0.010
Stressful events between 2½ and 3 years 11 months	6626	1.05 [0.94–1.17]	1.25 [1.05–1.49]	1.20 [1.04–1.39]	1.26 [1.11–1.43]	< 0.001
Maternal depression
Antenatal (18 weeks)f	7345	1.18 [0.88–1.60]	0.96 [0.54–1.69]	1.03 [0.66–1.63]	1.47 [1.05–2.07]	0.166
Antenatal (32 weeks)f	7711	1.29 [0.98–1.69]	1.27 [0.79–2.02]	1.31 [0.89–1.92]	1.29 [0.93–1.78]	0.085
Postnatal (21 months)g	6880	1.30 [0.93–1.83]	2.38 [1.46–3.88]	1.19 [0.69–2.03]	2.09 [1.48–2.95]	< 0.001
Toilet training and constipation
Age at initiation of toilet training (ref = 15–24 months)h
Before 6 months	6615	0.78 [0.36–1.69]	0.71 [0.15–3.26]	0.31 [0.02–4.06]	1.08 [0.45–2.60]	0.001
6–15 months		1.12 [0.84–1.49]	1.31 [0.78–2.20]	0.89 [0.54–1.48]	1.10 [0.74–1.64]
After 24 months		1.01 [0.82–1.25]	1.73 [1.18–2.55]	1.58 [1.18–2.10]	1.59 [1.19–2.21]
Constipation at 4 years 9 months (ref = none)i	6624	0.82 [0.60–1.11]	1.29 [0.74–2.27]	1.49 [1.06–2.09]	1.14 [0.81–1.61]	0.035

The exact sample size for each analysis differed depending on the availability of non-missing data on biopsychosocial factors and confounders. Odds ratios for these analyses were derived in relation to the normative class. For the continuous variables (developmental level, difficult temperament, psychological problems, stressful events), results show the increase in odds of membership to each latent class per one standard deviation (SD) increase in the score

^aAdjusted for child’s sex (0 = female vs. 1 = male), socioeconomic variables (parental social class [0 = non-manual: professional, managerial or skilled professions vs. 1 = manual: partly or unskilled occupations], early parenthood [0 = child born when mother was >=19 years vs. 1 = child born when mother was < 19 years], maternal education [0 = high school qualifications or greater vs. 1 = vocational or none], housing adequacy [0 = yes vs. 1 = no: comprising crowding, periods of homelessness, living conditions, major defects/infestation], major financial difficulties [0 = no vs. 1 = yes], family size [0 = less than 3 children vs. 1 = 3 or more children], presence of a social network [0 = presence of network vs. 1 = no network: comprising lack of emotional, practical and/or financial support], maternal antenatal depression (32 weeks) and postnatal depression (21 months)

^bAdjusted for child’s sex, socioeconomic variables, and maternal antenatal depression (32 weeks)

^cAdjusted for child’s sex

^dAdjusted for child’s sex, socioeconomic variables, developmental level of child at 18 months, and maternal postnatal depression (21 months)

^eAdjusted for child’s sex, socioeconomic variables, developmental level of child at 18 months, and maternal postnatal depression (33 months)

^fAdjusted for child’s sex and socioeconomic variables

^gAdjusted for child’s sex, socioeconomic variables, and maternal antenatal depression (18 weeks)

^hAdjusted for child’s sex, socioeconomic variables, developmental level of child at 18 months, and maternal postnatal depression (21 months)

ⁱAdjusted for child’s sex, socioeconomic variables, developmental level of child at 18 months, and maternal postnatal depression (33 months)