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. 2018 Nov 29;38(2):195–209. doi: 10.1007/s00299-018-2362-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 10 — Flow chart. Possible roles of glutathione in microspore embryogenesis (ME) in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.). Low temperature (LT) pre-treatment of tillers induces microspore reprogramming and results in significant changes (1) in the activity of low-molecular weight antioxidants (LMW) and (2) in the ratio between reduced glutathione (GSH) and the pool of both reduced and oxidized forms (GSH/GSH + GSSG). Exogenously applied GSH (antioxidant) protects cells from oxidative damages, which influences microspore yield, viability and the effectiveness of microspore embryogenesis (ME). Increased endogenous level of GSSG promotes further embryo-like structure (ELS) development in isolated microspore cultures