Fig. 4. Nimbolide modulates the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

The proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-12 (p40), MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) expression were determined by multiplex and ELISA. a–h Animal lung tissue lysate was prepared and evaluated for the levels of aforementioned inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by multiplex. i, j lung tissue supernatants were subjected to ELISA to determine IL-1β and TGF-β cytokines expression. k Griess assay was performed to determine the nitrite levels in cell lysate of lung tissues. l The antioxidant GSH levels were measured in lung tissue. m The MPO as well as (n) iNOS, nitrotyrosine, Nrf-2, HO-1, and SOD-1 protein expressions were determined by immunoblot analysis. Data presented as mean ± SEM (n=8 mice per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001 are significantly different from the NC group; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001, and ^####P < 0.0001 are significantly different from the LPS group