Table 2.
Group characteristics of patients at their last records in the three subtypes.
| Total (N = 466) | Subtype I (N = 201) | Subtype II (N = 107) | Subtype III (N = 158) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number(Percentage) | |||||
| Male | 300 (64.4%) | 128 (63.6%) | 63 (58.8%) | 109 (68.9%) | 0.5717a |
| Female | 166 (35.6%) | 73 (36.3%) | 44 (41.1%) | 49 (31.0%) | |
| Mean (Standard Deviation) | |||||
| Disease Duration* | 10.39 (6.93) | 10.00 (6.72) | 9.61 (6.34) | 11.18 (7.33) | 0.3184d |
| Age (years)* | 65.39 (9.71) | 62.66 (9.55) | 64.61 (9.20) | 69.16 (8.82) | <0.0001c (III vs II, I) |
| Education (years) | 15.57 (3.06) | 15.79 (2.75) | 15.76 (3.56) | 15.17 (3.03) | 0.1259c |
| H&Y Stage | 1.89 (0.59) | 1.81 (0.48) | 1.66 (0.51) | 2.15 (0.68) | <0.0001a (III vs II, I) |
| MDS-UPDRS Part I | 8.73 (5.66) | 6.92 (4.58) | 7.26 (5.26) | 12.03 (5.73) | <0.0001a (III vs II, I) |
| MDS-UPDRS Part II | 9.41 (6.35) | 7.48 (4.85) | 6.85 (4.41) | 13.61 (7.02) | <0.0001a (III vs II, I) |
| MDS-UPDRS Part III | 25.39 (12.79) | 22.39 (11.86) | 23.18 (9.92) | 30.71 (13.93) | 0.1146a |
| MDS-UPDRS Part IV | 1.44 (2.57) | 1.26 (2.35) | 0.39 (1.22) | 1.89 (2.93) | 0.8847b |
| MoCA | 26.64 (3.26) | 27.98 (1.86) | 27.09 (2.4) | 24.62 (4.06) | <0.0001a (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| BJLO | 24.47 (5.13) | 26.58 (3.34) | 20.64 (7.10) | 23.29 (4.83) | <0.0001a (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| ESS | 7.44 (4.62) | 6.47 (3.95) | 6.38 (4.06) | 9.13 (5.13) | 0.0300a (III vs II, I) |
| RBD# | 3.87 (3.00) | 3.21 (2.62) | 3.23 (2.49) | 4.97 (3.31) | 0.0036a(III vs II, I) |
| GDS | 5.50 (1.54) | 5.20 (1.31) | 5.31 (1.28) | 5.96 (1.80) | 0.0017a (III vs II, I) |
| HVLT | 24.19 (5.99) | 27.15 (4.77) | 24.00 (4.97) | 20.50 (5.70) | <0.0001a (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| LNS | 10.21 (3.00) | 11.43 (2.43) | 10.27 (2.41) | 8.64 (3.14) | <0.0001a (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| QUIP | 0.16 (0.47) | 0.15 (0.47) | 0.14 (0.43) | 0.18 (0.50) | 0.9693a |
| SCOPA-AUT | 13.64 (7.42) | 11.45 (6.07) | 10.02 (5.81) | 17.92 (7.59) | <0.0001a (III vs II, I) |
| Semantic Fluency | 47.96 (12.34) | 52.97 (10.82) | 48.76 (11.02) | 41.29 (11.53) | 0.0609a |
| STAI | 65.37 (19.27) | 59.52 (16.07) | 61.89 (18.15) | 74.25 (20.12) | 0.0053a (III vs II, I) |
| SDMT | 38.96 (12.28) | 44.95 (9.98) | 39.50 (7.53) | 31.13 (12.09) | 0.0001a (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| MCI# | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.37 (0.48) | <0.0001a (III vs II, I) |
| CSF t-Tau# | 44.68 (18.18) | 41.91 (15.53) | 48.72 (18.79) | 46.7 (20.43) | 0.0096c (I vs II, III) |
| CSF Aβ1–42# | 371.31 (100.68) | 376.11 (97.44) | 401.10 (81.15) | 353.38 (108.02) | 0.0052c (II vs III) |
| CSF p-Tau181# | 15.76 (10.15) | 16.04 (11.53) | 17.36 (9.84) | 14.78 (8.04) | 0.2498d |
| CSF α-synuclein# | 1852.2 (792.9) | 1818.9 (777.5) | 2025.1 (806.1) | 1828.4 (799.2) | 0.1407d |
| DaTScan Caudate SBR# | 1.71 (0.59) | 1.78 (0.55) | 2.08 (0.62) | 1.41 (0.53) | <0.0001d (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| DaTScan Putamen SBR# | 0.69 (0.35) | 0.68 (0.25) | 0.97 (0.48) | 0.54 (0.24) | <0.0001d (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
| Medication Use# | 2.48 (2.24) | 3.40 (2.14) | 0.51 (1.21) | 2.65 (2.05) | <0.0001a (I vs II, III, II vs III) |
*Disease duration and Age are calculated based on the last time points of MDS-UPDRS. aChi-square test; bFisher exact test; cOne-way ANOVA test; dKruskal-Wallis H-test. The specific different subtypes Determined by use of Tukey post hoc analysis. Abbreviations: H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr; MDS-UPDRS: Movement Disorders Society–revised Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; BJLO: Benton Judgment of Line Orientation; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; RBD: Rapid eye movement sleep Behavior Disorder; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; HVLT: Hopkin’s Verbal Learning Test; LNS: Letter Number Sequencing; QUIP: Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease; SCOPA-AUT: SCales for Outcomes in PArkinson’s disease-AUTomotic symptoms; STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory; SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test; MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; DaTScan SBR: DaTScan Striatal Binding Ratio. #RBD’s rating scale is 0–10; MCI was determined by patients with cognititive declines, no functional impairment, and values of cognitive tests HVLT, BJLO, LNS, Semantic Fluency and SDMT; CSF biomarkers’ unit is pg/ml; DaTScan SBR is calculated as (target region/reference region)-1; Medication Use defined by 0 = Unmedicated for PD, 1 = Levadopa, 2 = Dopamine Agonist, 3 = Other, 4 = Levadopa & Other, 5 = Levadopa & Dopamine Agonist, 6 = Dopamine Agonist & Other, 7 = Levadopa & Dopamine Agonist & Other.