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. 2019 Jan 28;9:814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37424-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of laminarin (Lam) treatment on tea plants’ direct and indirect resistance to TLH. (a) The mean number of TLH female adults (+SE, n = 6) on plants treated with laminarin vs. control plants, 0.5–48 h after exposure. (b) Mean percentage (+SE, n = 6) of TLH eggs per plant on pairs of plants, 72 h after the release of TLH. (c) Mean percentage (+SE, n = 6) of survival rate of TLH female adults per plant on control and laminarin-treated plants. (d) Behavioral responses of TLH egg parasitoid S. empoascae female adults to different plant volatiles released from pairs of odors: Control plants (Con) versus laminarin-treated plants (Lam); TLH-infested plants (TLH) versus both laminarin and TLH-treated plants (Lam + TLH). The values represent means + standard error (SE) of six repeats. Asterisks indicate significant differences between members of a pair (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; Student’s t-test).