Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Jan 28;10:465. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08352-5

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — Early treatment with anti-PD-1 antibody delays cognitive loss and rescues neurons in 5XFAD mice. 5XFAD mice were treated with either PD-1–specific antibody or IgG control starting at an average age of 3.5 months, and continued once a month (total of three injections). Experimental design is presented in (a). Black arrows indicate time points of treatment. Time points of cognitive testing are also indicated. b RAWM performance of 5.5-month-old anti-PD-1-treated mice (n = 7), control antibody (IgG)-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 9), and wild-type (WT) animals (n = 8). c RAWM performance of the same mice one month later (6.5-month-old). (Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons between the two treated groups.) d Comparison of the performance of anti-PD-1 and IgG-treated groups at 5.5 and 6.5 months; values indicating the number of errors for each mouse, taken from the last measurement on the second day of the test. e, f Representative Cresyl violet-stained images of the cortex and subiculum, and g, h quantitative analysis of IgG-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 9) as compared to anti-PD-1-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 7); the WT (n = 7) controls that were analyzed were used to calculate the percentage of surviving neurons. i, j Images and quantitative analysis of Neu-N⁺ neurons in the subiculum of anti-PD-1-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 7), and IgG-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 9), respectively; the WT controls (n = 7) that were analyzed were used to calculate the percentage of surviving neurons. Neuronal survival is presented relative to the number of the pyramidal neurons in the age-matched WT littermates. k, l Representative immunofluorescence images and quantitative analysis of Neu-N⁺ neurons (green) in the subiculum, showing increased immunoreactivity of Activated Caspase-3 (red) in IgG-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 9), in comparison to anti-PD-1-treated 5XFAD mice (n = 7) (Student’s t test). Scale bars, 50 μm (e, f), 100 μm (i), and 25 μm (k). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m.; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001