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. 2019 Jan 22;7(1):2325967118819831. doi: 10.1177/2325967118819831

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© The Author(s) 2019

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work as published without adaptation or alteration, without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — Joint angles were measured from the models through use of a standardized coordinate system. (A) The flexion angle (FLA) is the angle between the long axes of the femur and tibia measured about the femoral transepicondylar axis, subtracted from 180°. (B) The varus-valgus angle (VVA) is the angle between the long axis of the tibia and the femoral transepicondylar axis, subtracted from 90°. This measurement of VVA is based on the anatomic features of the bones and is invariant to the perspective from which it is measured. (C) The coronal plane angle (CPA) is the angle between the long axis of the tibia and the long axis of the femur projected onto the tibial coronal plane (defined by the tibial anteroposterior axis), subtracted from 180°. All angles were measured in degrees. For both VVA and CPA, a positive value indicates valgus alignment, and a negative value indicates varus alignment. A, anterior; L, lateral; M, medial; P, posterior.