Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Sample and Bivariate and Multivariate Association with Physical and / or Sexual IPV (N = 1800)

	Distribution		Multivariate
	No.	%	OR	95%CI
Caste
Uppercaste and relatively advantaged Janajatis	833	46.36	REF
Disadvantaged non-Dalit and Janajatis	812	45.19	1.71**	(1.23, 2.38)
Dalit and religious minorities	152	8.46	1.46	(0.98, 2.18)
Age at Marriage
< 15	226	12.56	REF
15–17	646	35.89	0.92	(0.60, 1.41)
18–20	615	34.17	0.99	(0.65, 1.50)
21+	313	17.39	0.81	(0.49, 1.35)
Marriage Type
Arranged w/consent	1148	63.78	REF
Arranged w/o consent	170	9.44	1.32	(0.87, 2.01)
Love w/fam blessing	185	10.28	0.91	(0.57, 1.45)
Love w/o fam blessing	297	16.5	0.79	(0.56, 1.12)
Wife Education	1.31	1.10	1.13	(0.94, 1.34)
Husband Education	1.78	1.01	0.88	(0.76, 1.01)
Wife Employment
Unemployed	941	52.28	REF
Earns less than her husband	521	28.94	1.49*	(1.08, 2.04)
Earns the same amount as her husband	269	14.94	1.79**	(1.28, 2.50)
Earns more than her husband	69	3.83	1.44	(0.72, 2.87)
Income Stress	806	44.88	1.59**	(1.22, 2.09)
Marital Communication (mean/SD)	1.89	0.85	0.72**	(0.62, 0.83)
Quarrelling	1208	67.11	4.55**	(3.26, 6.35)
Husband Frequently Drunk	426	23.67	2.38**	(1.69, 3.36)
Wife Exposed to IPV As a Child	380	21.11	1.60**	(1.19, 2.14)
Husband Exposed to IPV As a Child
No	1159	64.39	REF
Yes	273	15.17	1.64**	(1.17, 2.30)
Don’t know	368	20.44	1.43*	(1.06, 1.94)
In-law Violence	184	10.26	2.82**	(2.01, 3.96)
Gender Equitable Attitudes (mean/SD)	1.10	0.49	0.99	(0.96, 1.02)
Gender Equitable Normative Expectations (mean/SD)	1.03	0.54	0.95**	(0.92, 0.98)
District
Nawalparasi	600	33.33	REF
Chitwan	600	33.33	0.66*	(0.48, 0.91)
Kapilvastu	600	33.33	0.98	(0.66, 1.44)

Values in bold indicate significant results: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01