Fig. 2.

(A) Malarial parasite prevalence across years in four bird species, buff-sided robin (BSR, n = 66), purple-crowned fairy-wren (PCFW, n = 731), red-backed fairy-wren (RBFW, n = 78), white-gaped honeyeater (WGH, n = 25). Fisher's exact P-values test for annual differences in infection within each bird species. (B) Longitudinal sampling of infected PCFW adults (individuals presented were sampled more than twice and were identified as infected with Haemoproteus or Plasmodium). Dotted lines indicate uncertainty in years when no sample was available. Each individual was infected with a single lineage. (C) Percentage of individual PCFW infected within each age category. (D) Local phylogenetic relationship between parasite lineages, colours refer to host species as for (A). Maximum likelihood tree was inferred using GTR + G + I with 1000 bootstrap replicates; novel lineages are indicated by *. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)