Table 2.
Organ | MSC source | MSC pretreatment | Scaffold type | Immunomodulatory | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cartilage | Rabbit bone marrow-derive | IFN-g | Hydrogel scaffold | The hydrogel structure helps to reduce the immune response of MSCs after vaccination, even in the presence of inflammation cytokines. | [125] |
Human bone marrow-derived | IFN-g TNF-a | Alginate/hydrogel scaffold | MSCs under 3D hydrogel have low immunogenicity and can exert an immunosuppressive effect on HLA-mismatched PBMCs. And it has an inhibitory effect in NK cell-mediated cytolysis. | [123] | |
Human bone marrow-derived | Overexpression of IL-1 receptor antagonist in MSCs induced by lentivirus | Woven PCL scaffold | Enhancement of collagen/GAG production in scaffolds expressing IL-1Ra under inflammatory conditions MMP was reduced in the construct compared to the untreated group, and the level of PGE2 was elevated. |
[124] | |
Rat bone marrow-derived | No | Hydrogel-sponge concentration | The production of NO, PGE2, HGF, and IDO increased gradually in 2D culture, and the immunoregulatory factor secreted by MSC in the 3D group reduced the activation ability of allogeneic lymphocytes. | [126] | |
Pig bone marrow-derived | No | Cylindrical unwoven PGA fiber | The cytokines IL-10 and TGF-b were increased in the construction group, and the ability of FBGC recruitment was decreased. | [70] | |
Human umbilical cord-derived | No | Decellularized pig ECM scaffold | Molecular IDO, PEG2, TGF-b1, IL-10, VEGF, and HGF increased in the scaffold concentration group. | [127] | |
Rat bone marrow-derived | TNF-a | Freeze-dried collagen scaffolds | The scaffold construct group exhibited an immunosuppressive potential with a significant increase in iNos. And an upward trend was also observed for Cox and TGF-b. | [122] | |
| |||||
Bone | mice bone marrow-derived | No | Transglutaminase glutathionase-crosslinked gelatin (TG-gel) | Cytokines and gene profiles of TNF-a and IL-10 in the scaffold construct showed elevated cincentractions in the test group. | [129] |
Human bone marrow-derived | No | 3D instantaneously solidifying material (acBSP) | The scaffold construct synergizes with macrophage to promote cytokine expression of IL-11, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-6 and low expression of IL-1b and TNF-a. | [130] | |
Human bone marrow-derived | No | MSC loaded on hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate | After implantation of the scaffold construct, histologically, no lymphocytic infiltration occurred. And new bone was formed throughout the implant. | [131] | |
Human bone marrow-derived | IFN-g | ECM | The scaffold construct can induce bone regeneration and inhibit xenografting of mouse T cells in the transplanted area. | [31] | |
| |||||
liver | Mice bone marrow-derived | No | MSC transplantation | In the experiment group, TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-17, IL-1b, and MPO secretion was decreased, and IL-10 was reversed. Expression of CXCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL7, and CXCL10 was inhibited. | [135] |
Rat bone marrow-derived | No | MSC transplantation | The expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, CXCL1, and CXCL2 was decreased, and the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased. | [136] | |
Human umbilical cord-derived | No | 3D spheroid | PGE2 secreted by the 3D group was significantly increased, and IFN-g was decreased. | [137] | |
| |||||
Heart | Mice bone marrow-derived | No | Decellularized ECM | MSC vaccination results in positive immunomodulatory effect but a persistent chronic inflammatory response. | [149] |
Rat bone marrow-derived | No | 3D hydrogel | Compared with the control group, the scaffold construct played a role in inhibiting leukocyte and promoting repair in the late stage of inflammation. | [150] | |
Human bone marrow-derived | Simulated inflammatory environment | 3D collagen scaffold | The immunosuppressive function of MSCs is retained in the 3D scaffold and promotes the activation of M2 macrophage. Single-layer cocultures with IL-10 levels lower than MSCs | [151] | |
Rat bone marrow-derived | No | PCL | For the infiltration of CD68(+) macrophage in the absence of the scaffold construct, and the control group had a higher number of CD68(+) | [152] |