Appendix 1. Summary of all studies reviewed with EMG excitation (%MVIC) values given as the mean and the standard deviation. (n=39)
| Author and date | Subjects (Sex, age, height, mass) | Methodology (MVIC position and electrode site placement) | Hip extension exercises | Mean ± SD EMG excitation (%MVIC) | Quality Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worrell, Crisp, LaRosa 39 | Group 1: 6 males, 7 females (22 ± 8.6 years; 171 ± 15 cm; 69.1 ± 14.1 kg) Group 2: 13 males, 6 females (27.5 ± 5 years; 175 ± 9 cm; 73.3 ± 15.3 kg) |
Prone hip extension against manual resistance at 0 ° of hip flexion. Placement half-way between the second sacral prominence and the greater trochanter of the femur. |
Lateral step up (20 cm height) | 20 ± 11 group 1 16 ± 7 group 2 |
11 |
| Zeller, et al. 27 | 9 males (20.3 ± 1 years; 182 ± 5 cm; 78.8 ± 4.0 kg) 9 females (22 ± 8.6 years; 170 ± 6 cm; 64.3 ± 5.5 kg) |
Prone hip extension against manual resistance with knee flexed at 90 ° Placement not specified. |
Single leg squat | 62.7 ± 43 male 81.2 ± 28 female | 11 |
| Ayotte, et al. 24 | 16 males, 7 females (31.2 ± 5.8 years; 173.1 ± 10.1 cm; 77.0 ± 13.9 kg) | Supine hip extension against fixed resistance pad placed proximal to the popliteal fossa from 30 ° hip flexion. Placement 1/3rd of the distance from the second sacral vertebra to the greater trochanter. |
Forward step up (15.2 cm height) Lateral step up (15.2 cm height) Retro step up (15.2 cm height) Single leg mini squat (15.2 cm depth) Single leg wall squat, other leg knee extended |
74 ± 43 56 ± 29 59 ± 35 57 ± 43 86 ± 43 |
14 |
| Ekstrom, Donatelli, Carp 31 | 19 males, 11 females (27 ± 8 years; 176 ± 8 cm; 74 ± 11 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance applied above the knee with knee flexed to 90 ° Placement between the lateral edge of the sacrum and the posterosuperior edge of the greater trochanter. |
Bridge Lateral step up (20.3 cm height) Lunge Quadruped hip extension with arm raise Single leg bridge |
25 ± 14 29 ± 13 36 ± 17 56.2 ± 22 40 ± 20 |
12 |
| Ekstrom, Osborn, Hauer 40 | 27 males, 32 females (age range 21-35 years) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance applied just above the knee with knee flexed at 90 ° Placement between the lateral edge of the sacrum and the posterosuperior edge of the greater trochanter. |
Bridge Bridge with knees extended and feet on a swiss ball |
27 ± 13 20 ± 14 |
11 |
| Farrokhi, Pollard, Souza, et al. 41 | 5 males, 5 females (26.7 ± 3.2 years) | Prone hip extension against strap resistance positioned superior to the knee joint with the knee flexed to 90 ° Placement midway between the second sacral vertebra and the greater trochanter. |
Lunge Lunge with trunk extension Lunge with trunk flexion |
18.5 ± 11.0 19.3 ± 11.8 22.3 ± 12.0 |
12 |
| Boudreau, Dwyer, Mattacola, et al. 42 | 22 males, 22 females (23.3 ± 5.1 years; 174.5 ± 9.1 cm; 74.6 ± 16.5 kg) | Standing hip extension against strap resistance placed around the distal third of the thigh with knee flexed to 90 ° Placement half the distance between the greater trochanter of the femur and the spinous process of the second sacral vertebra along an oblique angle at the level of the greater trochanter. |
Forward step-up and over (20.3 cm height) Lunge Single leg squat |
16.5 ± 11.7 21.7 ± 14.7 35.2 ± 24.0 |
14 |
| Distefano, Blackburn, Marshall, et al. 43 | 9 males, 12 females (22 ± 3 years; 171 ± 11 cm; 70.4 ± 15.3 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with knee flexed at 90 ° Placement 1/3rd of the distance between the second sacral vertebra and the greater trochanter. |
Lunge Lateral lunge Transverse lunge Single leg deadlift Single leg squat |
44 ± 23 41 ± 20 49 ± 20 59 ± 28 59 ± 27 |
12 |
| Lewis, Sahrmann 37 | 11 females (27.7 ± 6.2 years; 165.2 ± 3.6 cm; 62.3 ± 6.9 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with knee flexed at 90 ° Placement on the muscle belly. |
Prone hip extension from hip flexion of 30 ° Prone hip extension from hip flexion of 30 ° with verbal cues to activate the glutes Prone hip extension from hip flexion of 30 ° with verbal cues to activate the hamstrings |
9.7 ± 2.9 21.6 ± 9.8 11.2 ± 5.2 |
12 |
| Sakamoto, et al. 34 | 16 males, 15 females (24.5 3.5 years; 170.0 ± 9.0 cm; 66.9 ± 11.9 kg | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with knee extension Placement 1/3rd of the distance between the second sacral vertebra and the greater trochanter. |
Prone hip extension with knee extension Prone hip extension with 90 ° knee flexion Prone hip extension with lateral hip rotation and knee extension Prone hip extension with lateral hip rotation and knee flexion |
12.7 ± 8.6 23.1 ± 21.2 22.5 ± 10.4 21.2 ± 12.0 |
12 |
| Lubahn, Kernozek, Tyson, et al. 44 | 18 females (22.3 ± 2.3 years; 166.82 ± 9.2 cm; 61.1 ± 7.1 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement on the muscle belly. |
Forward step up (Height unknown) Single leg squat Squat |
36.4 ± 18.6 47.4 ± 21.2 21.7 ± 15.8 |
12 |
| Boren, et al. 25 | 24 (Anthropometrical details not provided) | Prone hip extension against a strap with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement not specified. |
Forward step up (20 cm height) Lateral step up (15 cm height) Plank with bent leg hip extension Skater squat Single leg bridge Single leg deadlift Single leg squat Quadruped bent leg hip extension DOM Quadruped bent leg hip extension non-DOM |
54.7 63.8 106.2 66.2 54.2 58.8 70.7 59.7 21.0 |
10 |
| Bouillon, Wilhelm, Eisel, et al. 45 | 20 males, 20 females (22 ± 1 years; 170 ± 10 cm; 65 ± 13 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement inferior and medial to a line drawn between the PSIS and the posterior greater trochanter. |
Lateral lunge Lunge |
12 ± 3 11 ± 2.5 |
12 |
| Nakagawa, et al. 26 | 20 males (23.5 ± 3.8 years; 176 ± 6.1 cm; 74.6 ± 9.1 kg) 20 females (21.8 ± 2.6 years; 163 ± 7.3 cm; 59.4 ± 7.3 kg) |
Prone hip extension against strap with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement parallel to the mid–muscle belly. |
Single leg squat | 24.6 ± 2.7 females 18.9 ± 8.9 males |
12 |
| Tateuchi, Taniguchi, Mori, et al. 46 | 10 males, 6 females (24.3 ± 5.2 years; 165.7 ± 7.9 cm; 59.0 ± 8.0 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance. Placement halfway on the line extending between the sacrum and greater trochanter. |
Prone hip extension from 30 ° hip flexion to 10 ° hip extension | 10.9 ± 3.3 | 10 |
| De Ridder et al. 47 | 8 males, 6 females (24.7 ± 3.2 years; 172.9 ± 6.4 cm; 64.5 ± 12.5 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement midway between the posterosuperior iliac spine and the ischial tuberosity. |
Prone back/torso extension Reverse hyperextension |
44.9 concentric 33.1 eccentric 30.3 concentric 20.3 eccentric |
12 |
| Kang, et al. 8 | 18 males, 12 females (22.8 ± 2.9 years; 170.3 ± 4.1 cm; 66.9 ± 10.8 kg) |
Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement halfway between the greater trochanter and second sacral vertebra in the middle of the muscle and at an oblique angle. |
Prone hip extension with knee flexion with hip abducted 0 ° Prone hip extension with knee flexion with hip abducted 15 ° Prone hip extension with knee flexion with hip abducted 30 ° |
20.2 ± 8.6 23.4 ± 9.9 29.6 ± 11.5 |
11 |
| Lee, Ko, Lim 48 | 20 males (22.9 ± 2.1 years; 174.4 ± 3.9 cm; 70.0 ± 6.2 kg) | Side-lying hip abduction against strap resistance with the hip in 90 ° abduction. Placement 1/3rd of the distance between the second sacral vertebra and the greater trochanter. |
Lunge Lunge with compression pelvic belt Single leg deadlift Single leg deadlift with compression pelvic belt Single leg squat Single leg squat with compression pelvic belt |
11.5 ± 6.9 13.9 ± 7.7 27.9 ± 18.4 36.3 ± 21.9 30.5 ± 19.4 35.5 ± 21.7 |
12 |
| Webster, Gribble 49 | 1 male, 8 females (22.9 ± 4.5 years; 164 ± 6.5 cm; 65.4 ± 10 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement half-way between the second sacral prominence and the greater trochanter of the femur. |
Single leg squat with rotation Transverse lunge |
78 ± 45 58 ± 3 |
12 |
| Bolgla, et al. 28 | 18 males (24.3 ± 3.4 years; 180 ± 10 cm; 81.2 ± 9.7 kg) 16 females (24.0 ± 1.5 years; 165 ± 10 cm; 59.9 ± 8.8 kg) |
Prone hip extension against strap with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement parallel alignment over the belly. |
Single leg wall slide, other leg knee flexed Single leg mini-squat Lateral step down (20 cm height) Forward step down (20 cm height) |
21.6 male 32.0 female 20.3 male 26.6 female 8.4 male 24.6 female 19.0 male 27.2 female |
12 |
| Hollman, Galardi, Lin, et al. 50 | 41 females (18-36 years) | Prone hip extension against strap with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement at one-half the distance between the sacrum and greater trochanter. |
Single leg squat | 20.9-23.8 | 11 |
| Emami, Arab, Ghamkhar 51 | 10 males (22.5 ± 3.8 years; 177 ± 7 cm; 74.1 ± 8.0 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement at the midpoint of a line running from S2 to the greater trochanter. |
Prone hip extension with knee extension | 18.3 ± 12.1 | 12 |
| MacAskill, Durant, Wallace 52 | 14 males, 20 females (21.5 ± 1.7 years; 170.5 ± 11 cm; 67.6 ± 7.5 kg) |
Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement 1/3rd of the distance between the second sacral vertebra and the greater trochanter. |
Forward step up (15 cm height) Lateral step up (15 cm height) |
28.7 ± 18.7 31 ± 19.9 |
11 |
| Park, Yoo 53 | 18 males (21.9 ± 2.2 years; 175.1 ± 5.3 cm; 66.6 ± 8.4 kg) |
Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement at half the distance between the trochanter and the sacral vertebrae in the middle of the muscle on an oblique angle. |
Back/torso extension with extended knees and hands across chest Back/torso extension with extended knees and hands behind head Back/torso extension with flexed knees 90 ° and hands across chest Back/torso extension with flexed knees 90 ° and hands behind head |
28.3 ± 14.5 26.5 ± 13.6 34.8 ± 20.6 36.6 ± 22.6 |
11 |
| Suehiro, et al. 32 | 21 males (20.2 ± 0.4 years; 171.1 ± 5.0 cm; 64.3 ± 10.5 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement halfway between the greater trochanter and the second sacral vertebra. |
Prone hip extension with 90 ° knee flexion and neutral hip position Prone hip extension with 90 ° knee flexion and 15 ° hip abduction Prone hip extension with 90 ° knee flexion and 15 ° hip abduction and 20 ° hip external rotation |
14.1 ± 9.4 22.5 ± 13.6 41.0 ± 23.6 |
11 |
| Kim, Kim 54 | 14 males, 16 females (24.7 ± 3.2 years; 167.5 ± 8.2 cm; 61.5 ± 6.9 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement 1/3rd the distance between the second sacral vertebrae and the greater trochanter. |
Prone hip extension to 10 ° Prone hip extension to 10 ° with abdominal drawing-in Prone hip extension to 10 ° with pelvic tilt > 15 ° Prone hip extension to 10 ° with abdominal drawing-in with pelvic tilt > 15 ° |
23.9 ± 18.5 24.4 ± 14.3 32.5 ± 21.3 45.9 ± 33.7 |
11 |
| Kim, Yoo 36 | 18 males (23.3 ± 1.8 years; 177.4 ± 5.3 cm; 74.2 ± 7.2 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement not specified. |
Prone hip extension with upper body on table Prone hip extension with body on floor |
62.3 ± 27.1 56.5 ± 20.2 | 11 |
| Mills, Frank, Goto, et al. 55 | 20 females (Anthropometrical details not provided) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement 1/3rd the distance between the second sacral vertebrae and the greater trochanter |
Squat | 12.4 ± 6.3 | 11 |
| Yoon, Lee, An 33 | 15 subjects (26.7 ± 3.7 years; 167.1 ± 9.2 cm; 58.1 ± 11.7 kg) | MVIC position not specified Placement not specified |
Prone hip extension from 0 ° hip flexion Prone hip extension from 15 ° hip flexion Prone hip extension from 30 ° hip flexion |
19.7 ± 7.9 22.5 ± 9.4 18.9 ± 7.8 |
11 |
| Youdas, Hartman, Murphy, et al. 56 | 13 males (23.4 ± 1.3 years; 180 ± 10 cm; 79.7 ± 10.6 kg) 13 females (23.5 ± 1.2 years; 170 ± 10 cm; 63.7 ± 7.4 kg) |
Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement on the muscle belly, parallel to the line of action. |
Bridge Bridge with feet on swiss ball Single leg bridge Single leg bridge with foot on bosu Bridge with hamstring curl Bridge with feet on swiss ball and hamstring curl |
16.4 13.0 32.6 28.4 18.5 10.9 |
12 |
| Choi, Bak, Cho, et al. 57 | 14 males, 13 females (27.8 ± 5.8 years; 166.4 ± 10.1 cm; 66.2 ± 13.4 kg) | MVIC position not specified Placement between the sacrum and greater trochanter |
Bridge Single leg bridge Single leg bridge (raised leg abducted to 30 °) |
41.5 ± 16.4 47.3 ± 16.0 46.7 ± 12.0 |
11 |
| Jeon, et al. 35 | 16 males (25.4 ± 4.2 years; 174.7 ± 2.8 cm; 73.1 ± 2.1 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement at the midpoint of the line extending between the greater trochanter and sacrum |
Prone hip extension with upper body on table Prone hip extension with upper body on table and abdominals drawing-in Prone hip extension with upper body on table and flexed contralateral knee joint on a chair |
43.9 ± 16.1 47.5 ± 19.8 66.4 ± 25.8 |
12 |
| Lee, Song, Kwon 58 | 10 males, 10 females (21.1 ± 1.8 years; 168.7 ± 8.3 cm; 66.1 ± 12.3 kg) | MVIC method not specified. Placement at 50% on the line between the sacral vertebrae and the greater trochanter |
Squat with 0 ° trunk flexion Squat with 15 ° trunk flexion Squat with 30 ° trunk flexion |
6.1 ± 4.0 6.3 ± 4.0 8.0 ± 4.9 |
11 |
| Selkowitz, Beneck, Powers 19 | 10 males, 10 females (27.9 ± 6.2 years; 170.5 ± 11.1 cm; 67.7 ± 14.1 kg) | Four conditions normalised to whichever contraction elicited greater EMG excitation: 1) Prone hip extension of 45 ° with the knee flexed at 90 ° against strap resistance. 2) Prone hip extension of 0 ° with the knee flexed at 90 ° against strap resistance. 3) Sidelying position with hip in 30 ° abduction and knee extended against strap. 4) As position 3 with hip in 45 ° flexion. Placement Gmax (S) inserted superior and lateral to the midpoint of a line drawn between the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior greater trochanter, Gmax (I) inserted inferior and medial to the midpoint of the same line, such that it was 2.5 to 5.0 cm above the gluteal fold. |
Bridge Forward step up Lunge Single leg bridge Squat Quadruped hip extension with knee extended Quadruped hip extension with knee flexed |
17.4 ± 12.0 (S) 22.3 ± 10.1 (I) 22.8 ± 15.6 (S) 15.7 ± 6.0 (I) 20.1 ± 11.1 (S) 18.5 ± 6.2 (I) 34.6 ± 16.8 (S) 36.7 ± 10.0 (I) 12.9 ± 7.9 (S) 10.5 ± 7.1 (I) 28.5 ± 16.6 (S) 31.2 ± 16.5(I) 30.1 ± 12.5 (S) 34.3 ± 16.3 (I) |
12 |
| Chan, et al. 20 | 10 males, 10 females (21.1 ± 1.7 years; 166.8 ± 7.9 cm; 58.1 ± 9.2 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement 1/3rd of the distance from iliac crest to greater trochanter, starting from greater trochanter. |
Prone hip extension up to 20 ° with 90 ° knee flexion Prone hip extension up to 20 ° with 90 ° knee flexion with abdominal bracing |
14.8 concentric (S) 12.3 eccentric (S) 20.1 concentric (I) 11.7 eccentric (I) 19.7 concentric (S) 16.6 eccentric (S) 25.6 concentric (I) 36.0 eccentric (I) |
12 |
| Hollman, et al. 29 | 15 females (23.3 ± 1.7 years; 169.4 ± 8.3 cm; 62.6 ± 6.7 kg) | Prone hip extension against strap resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement halfway between the sacral vertebrae and the greater trochanter |
Bridge Bridge with verbal and tactile cueing |
16.8 33.0 |
13 |
| Lehecka, et al. 30 | 12 males, 16 females (23.4 ± 2.3 years; 173 ± 11 cm; 72.6 ± 13.9 kg) | Prone hip extension against strap resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement anterosuperior to Gmax, inferior to the lateral aspect of the iliac crest on a line towards the greater trochanter on the muscle belly. |
Single leg bridge. DOM leg 90 ° knee flexion with foot flat. Non-DOM leg knee extended Single leg bridge. DOM leg 135 ° knee flexion with foot flat. Non-DOM leg knee extended Single leg bridge. DOM leg 90 ° knee flexion with foot flat. Non-DOM leg knee relaxed in flexion and femur vertical Single leg bridge. DOM leg 90 ° knee flexion with dorsiflexed ankle. Non-DOM leg knee relaxed in flexion and femur vertical Single leg bridge. DOM leg 135 ° knee flexion with dorsiflexed ankle. Non-DOM leg knee relaxed in flexion and femur vertical |
51.0 ± 28.1 47.4 ± 24.8 47.2 ± 28.1 49.1 ± 26.4 40.4 ± 24.6 |
11 |
| Van Oosterwijck, et al. 38 | 4 males, 9 females (22.6 ± 2.1 years; 172 ± 7.3 cm; 61.3 ± 9.5 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement midway between the posterosuperior iliac spine and the ischial tuberosity). |
Prone back/torso extension without lumbopelvic control strategy Prone back/torso extension with lumbopelvic control strategy Reverse hyperextension without lumbopelvic control strategy Reverse hyperextension with lumbopelvic control strategy |
23.8 ± 10.1 32.4 ± 21.6 22.0 ± 7.7 38.8 ± 24.1 |
12 |
| Youdas, et al. 2 | 13 males, 13 females (23.5 ± 1.2 years; 175.0 ± 10.0 cm; 71.7 ± 9.0 kg) | Prone hip extension against manual resistance with the knee flexed at 90 ° Placement parallel to the muscle's line of action. |
Single leg bridge Supine manual resisted hip extension |
33.8 34.7 |
12 |
BM = body mass, DOM = dominant, EMG = electromyography, Gmax = Gluteus Maximus, I = inferior, MVIC = maximum voluntary isometric contraction, ROM = range of motion, S = superior