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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Ind Med. 2018 Sep 19;61(11):939–951. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22907

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of construction industry workers and prevalence of tobacco use, by type of product, 2014–2016

Selected characteristics Estimated construction workersa
 Cigaretteb smokers
 Cigars, cigarillos, pipes, hookahsc users
 Smokelessd tobacco users
 E−cigarettee users
 Multiplef tobacco
 Any tobacco usersh
In 1000 s P 95%CI P 95%CI P 95%CI P 95%CI P 95%CI P 95%CI PORg 95%CI
Total (100%) 10 217 24.4 22.5–26.3 8.3 7.1–9.5 7.8 6.6–9.0 4.4 3.5–5.3 7.6 6.5–8.8 35.1 33.0–37.1 1.4i 1.2–1.5
Age group (years)
     18–34 3232 26.7 23.1–30.3 11.2 8.5–13.9 9.9 7.8–12.0 6.1 4.2–8.0 11.0 8.5–13.6 37.7 33.9–41.5 1.3i 1.1–1.6
     35–54 4879 25.1 22.5–27.8 6.7 5.2–8.2 8.4 6.7–10.1 3.6 2.6–4.7 6.8 5.2–8.4 34.4 31.6–37.2 1.4i 1.2–1.6
     ≥55 2106 19.3 15.6–23.0 7.5 5.1–9.9 3.4 1.5–5.4 3.1 1.4–4.8 4.3 2.5–6.1 27.8 23.5–32.0 1.5i 1.2–1.8
Gender
     Male 9314 24.9 22.8–26.9 8.9 7.6–10.3 8.5 7.2–9.9 4.5 3.6–5.4 8.1 6.8–9.4 35.4 33.2–37.5 1.4i 1.3–1.6
     Female 902 20.0 14.5–25.6 -j - - - - - - - 21.2 15.5–26.8 1.4i 1.0–2.0
Race/ethnicity
     Hispanic 2925 18.3 14.9–21.8 3.3 1.9–4.7 3.1 1.4–4.9 20.6 17.0–24.1 1.1 0.9–1.4
     White, non-Hispanic 6466 26.7 24.2–29.1 10.5 8.8–12.3 11.7 9.8–13.5 5.4 4.3–6.5 9.9 8.3–11.5 40.1 37.5–42.7 1.5i 1.4–1.7
     Black, non-Hispanic 539 29.5 20.9–38.0 - - - - - - - - 35.4 26.9–43.9 1.4 1.0–2.2
     Other 287 27.2 16.7–37.6 - - - - - - - - 34.4 23.6–45.2 1.9i 1.1–3.2
Education
     ≤High school, GED 5744 28.5 25.9–31.1 6.4 4.8–7.9 8.1 6.6–9.7 4.4 3.2–5.5 7.8 6.1–9.4 36.5 33.8–39.2 1.2i 1.1–1.4
     >High school 4393 19.2 16.6–21.9 10.8 8.8–12.7 7.6 5.9–9.2 4.3 2.9–5.7 7.6 5.8–9.4 31.2 28.2–34.1 1.7i 1.5–2.0
     Unknown 80 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Family income
     <$35 000 2505 34.0 30.1–37.9 7.4 5.0–9.7 4.6 3.0–6.3 5.8 3.6–7.9 9.1 6.4–11.8 38.8 34.8–42.7 1.3i 1.1–1.5
     $35 000-$74 999 3277 25.3 22.3–28.4 8.4 6.4–10.5 8.9 6.6–10.7 4.3 2.9–5.7 8.3 6.3–10.2 35.3 31.9–38.7 1.3i 1.1–1.6
     ≥$75 000 3580 17.2 14.2–20.3 8.8 6.7–11.0 10.3 7.8–12.9 3.6 2.2–5.1 6.4 4.5–8.2 31.0 27.4–34.5 1.5i 1.2–1.8
     Unknown 855 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Health insurance status
     Not insured 2881 33.7 29.9–37.5 6.8 4.7–8.9 6.1 4.1–8.0 5.8 3.7–7.9 8.8 6.3–11.3 39.1 35.2–43.0 1.2i 1.0–1.5
     Insured 7273 20.7 18.6–22.8 8.9 7.4–10.4 8.6 7.1–10.1 3.7 2.8–4.6 7.2 5.9–8.5 32.1 29.9–34.3 1.4i 1.2–1.6
     Unknown 62 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
U.S. census regionk
     Northeast 1698 20.0 15.7–24.2 8.2 5.4–11.0 4.1 2.1–6.2 2.9 1.3–4.5 4.8 2.8–6.8 27.8 22.9–32.7 1.0 0.8–1.3
     Midwest 2217 27.7 23.3–32.2 9.0 6.2–11.8 11.2 8.3–14.0 4.7 2.9–6.5 8.7 6.4–11.1 40.3 36.1–44.5 1.5i 1.2–1.9
     South 3875 28.6 25.3–31.9 7.7 5.7–9.6 8.1 5.8–10.3 5.4 3.6–7.2 8.8 6.6–11.1 37.4 34.1–40.7 1.5i 1.3–1.8
     West 2427 17.9 14.8–20.9 8.7 6.1–11.3 6.9 7.7–9.2 3.6 2.0–5.2 6.7 4.4–9.0 27.5 23.8–31.3 1.3i 1.0–1.5
Cigarette smoking statusl
     Current 2487 24.4 22.5–26.3 13.7 10.4–17.0 9.2 6.8–11.7 12.5 9.4–15.5 5.9 3.8–8.0 28.5 24.4–32.6 0.9 0.7–1.1
     Former 2406 23.6 21.9–25.4 8.9 6.4–11.5 11.9 8.9–14.8 4.6 3.0–6.1 2.2 1.1–3.4 22.6 19.0–26.1 1.2 1.0–1.6
     Never 5286 51.9 49.8–54.0 5.5 4.1–6.8 5.3 3.9–6.6 - - - - 10.6 8.8–12.4 1.2 1.0–1.5

CI, confidence interval; GED, General Educational Development certificate or diploma; P, prevalence, POR, prevalence odds ratio.

a

Construction industry workers who reported “working at a job or business”; “with a job or business but not at work”; or “working, but not for pay, at a family-owned job or business” any time in the 12 months prior to the interview.

b

Cigarette smokers were defined as persons who reported smoking ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime and who currently smoke every day or some days (estimated n = 22.8 million).

c

Other combustible tobacco product users were defined as persons who reported smoking cigars, cigarillos, or little filtered cigars or smoking tobacco in a regular pipe, water pipe, or hookah at least once during their lifetime and who currently use every day or some days (n = 8.4 million).

d

Smokeless tobacco product users were defined as persons who reported using chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, snus, or dissolvable tobacco at least once during their lifetime and who currently use every day or some days (n = 4.4 million).

e

E-cigarette users were defined as persons reported who reported using electronic cigarettes at least once during their lifetime and who currently use every day or some days (n = 5.2 million).

f

Persons who reported current use of two or more individual tobacco products (n = 6.9 million).

g

Any tobacco product users were defined as persons who reported current use of cigarettes or other combustible tobacco or smokeless tobacco or e-cigarettes every day or some days (estimated n = 32.7 million).

h

POR adjusted for age, gender, race education, income, and region and reference group is non-construction workers. POR defined as the odds of using tobacco product among specific groups in the construction workers as compared with non-construction workers.

i

Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05).

j

Estimate suppressed (relative standard error >30%).

l

Former smokers were respondents who reported having smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and currently did not smoke. Never smokers were respondents who had smoked less than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime.