Fig. 8.

Proposed mechanism underlying the dual action of PPARα in hepatotoxicity induced by perfluorodecanoic acid. The responses in wild-type (WT) mice were initiated by cholestasis mediated PPARα. JNK pathway was involved in the inflammation driven by overload of total bile acid. No liver injury was induced because the toxicity cascade was inhibited by anti-inflammation and induction of Ucp2 also mediated PPARα directly. The data in Pparα-null (KO) mice were negative because the initiating cholestasis was not induced, indicating the role of PPARα in the dual action stated