Table 2.
Summary of task performance on measures of individual differences.
| Construct | Task | Measure | Min. | Mean | Max. | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language experience | ART | Number correct with penalty | −9 | 10 | 47 | 11.570 |
| ERVT | 1 | 17.180 | 36.750 | 7.740 | ||
| CRH | Sum of Likert responses | 5 | 22 | 33 | 5.326 | |
| NAART | Number correct | 0.283 | 0.560 | 0.885 | 0.125 | |
| RTE | Hours per week | 5 | 20 | 63 | 10.695 | |
| Verbal | Listening | Score with | 5.633 | 8.943 | 10 | 0.954 |
| working | Operation | partial credit | 1.852 | 10.588 | 15 | 3.435 |
| memory span | Reading | 2.367 | 6.749 | 10 | 1.757 | |
| Inhibitory control | Anti. Acc. | Proportion correct responses (all conflict trials) | 0.264 | 0.717 | 0.986 | 0.192 |
| Anti. RT | Log median reaction time for correct responses (all conflict trials) | −2.043 | −0.559 | 0.270 | 0.328 | |
| Flanker | Difference in log | −0.254 | 0.151 | 0.344 | 0.069 | |
| Stroop | median reaction time of correct responses for conflict and no-conflict trials | −0.153 | 0.193 | 0.514 | 0.135 | |
| Phonological ability | Pseudo. Rep. | Proportion correct | 0.487 | 0.801 | 0.949 | 0.077 |
| BNW | 0.167 | 0.646 | 1 | 0.176 | ||
| PR | 0.182 | 0.687 | 1 | 0.176 | ||
| Perceptual | Letter | Number correct | 41 | 73 | 405 | 34.305 |
| speed | Pattern | within time limit | 46 | 84 | 398 | 31.378 |
Notes: Min. and Max. refer to the observed minimum and maximum scores, respectively. ART = Author Recognition Test (Stanovich & West, 1989; Acheson et al., 2008); ERVT = Extended Range Vocabulary Test (Ekstrom et al., 1976); CRH = Comparative Reading Habits (Acheson et al., 2008); NAART = North American Adult Reading Test (Blair & Spreen, 1989); RTE = Reading Time Estimate (Acheson et al., 2008); “Listening” = Listening Span task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1986; Stine & Hindman, 1994; Unsworth et al., 2005); “Operation” = Operation Span task (Turner & Engle, 1989; Unsworth et al., 2005); “Reading” = Reading Span task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1986; Stine & Hindman, 1994; Unsworth et al., 2005); “Anti.Acc” and “Anti.RT” refer to accuracy and median reaction time on the Antisaccade Task (Kane et al., 2001), respectively; “Flanker” = Flanker task (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974); ; “Stroop” = Stroop task (Stroop, 1935; Brown-Schmidt, 2009); “Pseudo.Rep” = Pseudoword Repetition (Gupta, 2003); BNW = Blending Nonwords (Wagner et al., 1999); PR = Phoneme Reversal (Wagner et al., 1999); “Letter” = Letter Comparison (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991); “Pattern” = Pattern Comparison (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991).