Table S1.
Percentage changes (%) with 95% CIs in the single-day lag risks for COPD hospital admissions with per 10 µg/m3 increasea in air pollutant concentrations stratified by age, sex, and season
| PM2.5 | PM10 | NO2 | SO2 | CO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||||
| ≤75 years | |||||
| Lag 0 | 0.32 (−0.02, 0.67) | 0.42 (0.14, 0.70)** | 2.11 (1.15, 3.09)** | 1.37 (0.10, 2.65)** | 4.21 (1.70, 6.79)** |
| Lag 1 | 0.16 (−0.19, 0.50) | 0.23 (−0.05, 0.51) | 1.96 (0.99, 2.94)** | 0.83 (−0.34, 2.02) | 2.44 (−0.03, 4.97) |
| Lag 2 | 0.10 (−0.23, 0.43) | 0.11 (−0.17, 0.39) | 0.97 (0.02, 1.92)** | −0.20 (−1.38, 0.99) | 1.10 (−1.28, 3.54) |
| Lag 3 | 0.10 (−0.21, 0.42) | 0.09 (−0.19, 0.36) | 0.41 (−0.53, 1.36) | −0.71 (−1.90, 0.50) | 0.72 (−1.61, 3.11) |
| Lag 4 | 0.21 (−0.09, 0.51) | 0.21 (−0.05, 0.48) | 0.52 (−0.39, 1.44) | −0.20 (−1.36, 0.97) | 2.08 (−0.22, 4.44) |
| Lag 5 | 0.33 (0.04, 0.62)** | 0.36 (0.11, 0.62)** | 0.97 (0.09, 1.86)** | −0.04 (−1.20, 1.14) | 2.69 (0.50, 4.92)** |
| Lag 6 | 0.22 (−0.06, 0.50) | 0.36 (0.11, 0.61)** | 0.66 (−0.19, 1.52) | 0.45 (−0.74, 1.65) | 0.87 (−1.21, 3.00) |
| Lag 7 | −0.01 (−0.29, 0.28) | 0.12 (−0.14, 0.38) | −0.22 (−1.07, 0.64) | 0.16 (−1.01, 1.34) | −1.05 (−3.12, 1.05) |
| >75 years | |||||
| Lag 0 | 0.55 (0.28, 0.83)** | 0.50 (0.28, 0.73)** | 2.13 (1.39, 2.88)** | 1.62 (0.64, 2.61)** | 4.58 (2.56, 6.64)** |
| Lag 1 | 0.39 (0.12, 0.67)** | 0.38 (0.15, 0.61)** | 1.65 (0.85, 2.45)** | 1.69 (0.71, 2.69)** | 2.86 (0.87, 4.89)** |
| Lag 2 | 0.33 (0.07, 0.59)** | 0.33 (0.10, 0.55)** | 1.08 (0.32, 1.85)** | 0.48 (−0.49, 1.42) | 1.92 (0.03, 3.85)* |
| Lag 3 | 0.23 (−0.02, 0.47) | 0.25 (0.04, 0.46)* | 0.55 (−0.19, 1.29) | 0.45 (−0.51, 1.41) | 0.81 (−1.02, 2.66) |
| Lag 4 | 0.15 (−0.09, 0.39) | 0.23 (0.02, 0.44)* | 0.48 (−0.23, 1.20) | 0.54 (−0.40, 1.49) | 0.68 (−1.10, 2.49) |
| Lag 5 | 0.21 (−0.01, 0.44) | 0.26 (0.06, 0.46)* | 0.68 (0.00, 1.37) | 0.51 (−0.43, 1.46) | 1.32 (−0.38, 3.05) |
| Lag 6 | 0.29 (0.07, 0.51)** | 0.35 (0.15, 0.55)** | 0.52 (−0.14, 1.19) | 0.71 (−0.23, 1.66) | 0.82 (−0.81, 2.48) |
| Lag 7 | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.26) | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.71, 0.62) | 0.17 (−0.76, 1.11) | −1.07 (−2.68, 0.56) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | |||||
| Lag 0 | 0.56 (0.28, 0.84)** | 0.56 (0.33, 0.79)** | 2.54 (1.78, 3.31)** | 1.83 (0.83, 2.83)** | 5.33 (3.26, 7.44)** |
| Lag 1 | 0.38 (0.10, 0.66)** | 0.38 (0.15, 0.61)** | 1.91 (1.09, 2.73)** | 1.24 (0.24, 2.25)** | 3.04 (1.01, 5.12)** |
| Lag 2 | 0.37 (0.10, 0.64)** | 0.34 (0.11, 0.57)** | 1.29 (0.51, 2.08)** | 0.41 (−0.58, 1.41) | 2.59 (0.62, 4.61)** |
| Lag 3 | 0.31 (0.05, 0.57)** | 0.32 (0.09, 0.54)** | 0.73 (−0.05, 1.51) | 0.17 (−0.83, 1.18) | 1.56 (−0.38, 3.55) |
| Lag 4 | 0.24 (0.00, 0.49) | 0.28 (0.06, 0.49)** | 0.68 (−0.07, 1.44) | 0.22 (−0.76, 1.20) | 1.65 (−0.25, 3.59) |
| Lag 5 | 0.24 (0.00, 0.48) | 0.26 (0.04, 0.47)** | 0.84 (0.12, 1.57)** | −0.03 (−1.01, 0.95) | 1.65 (−0.16, 3.50) |
| Lag 6 | 0.29 (0.06, 0.52)** | 0.37 (0.16, 0.58)** | 0.62 (−0.09, 1.33) | 0.52 (−0.47, 1.52) | 1.09 (−0.63, 2.84) |
| Lag 7 | 0.12 (−0.11, 0.36) | 0.21 (0.00, 0.42) | 0.20 (−0.50, 0.91) | 0.21 (−0.76, 1.19) | −0.27 (−1.99, 1.48) |
| Female | |||||
| Lag 0 | 0.45 (0.14, 0.76)** | 0.49 (0.23, 0.74)** | 1.83 (1.00, 2.67)** | 1.82 (0.72, 2.93)** | 4.41 (2.15, 6.73)** |
| Lag 1 | 0.27 (−0.04, 0.58) | 0.36 (0.11, 0.61)** | 1.85 (0.99, 2.71)** | 1.98 (0.93, 3.05)** | 3.29 (1.10, 5.52)** |
| Lag 2 | 0.15 (−0.14, 0.45) | 0.24 (−0.01, 0.48) | 0.85 (0.00, 1.70)** | 0.27 (−0.81, 1.36) | 1.19 (−0.91, 3.34) |
| Lag 3 | 0.06 (−0.22, 0.35) | 0.09 (−0.15, 0.34) | 0.48 (−0.35, 1.31) | 0.11 (−0.96, 1.20) | 0.41 (−1.63, 2.49) |
| Lag 4 | 0.10 (−0.17, 0.37) | 0.19 (−0.04, 0.43) | 0.42 (−0.37, 1.23) | 0.51 (−0.54, 1.57) | 0.85 (−1.15, 2.89) |
| Lag 5 | 0.28 (0.02, 0.53)** | 0.37 (0.15, 0.60)** | 0.85 (0.09, 1.62)** | 0.93 (−0.10, 1.96) | 2.20 (0.30, 4.14)** |
| Lag 6 | 0.25 (0.00, 0.5)** | 0.37 (0.15, 0.59)** | 0.72 (−0.02, 1.47) | 0.99 (−0.05, 2.04) | 1.06 (−0.76, 2.92) |
| Lag 7 | −0.08 (−0.33, 0.17) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.25) | −0.29 (−1.04, 0.46) | 0.39 (−0.63, 1.43) | −1.61 (−3.42, 0.22) |
| Season | |||||
| Warm | |||||
| Lag 0 | 0.80 (0.39, 1.22)** | 0.85 (0.50, 1.20)** | 3.05 (1.77, 4.34)** | 5.34 (2.67, 8.09)** | 10.04 (4.43, 15.95)** |
| Lag 1 | 0.44 (0.01, 0.87)** | 0.50 (0.14, 0.86)** | 1.34 (0.04, 2.66)** | 2.09 (−0.50, 4.75) | 3.40 (−2.06, 9.17) |
| Lag 2 | 0.51 (0.08, 0.95)** | 0.36 (−0.02, 0.73) | 0.54 (−0.80, 1.89) | −0.48 (−3.02, 2.14) | 3.61 (−1.86, 9.38) |
| Lag 3 | 0.58 (0.16, 1.01)** | 0.38 (0.00, 0.76)** | 0.79 (−0.57, 2.17) | −0.95 (−3.51, 1.68) | 1.54 (−3.67, 7.03) |
| Lag 4 | 0.42 (0.00, 0.85)** | 0.39 (0.01, 0.77)** | 0.53 (−0.83, 1.90) | 2.79 (0.04, 5.61)** | 4.39 (−0.80, 9.85) |
| Lag 5 | 0.32 (−0.08, 0.72) | 0.28 (−0.09, 0.66) | 0.79 (−0.58, 2.18) | 2.59 (−0.20, 5.46) | 4.29 (−0.65, 9.48) |
| Lag 6 | 0.23 (−0.16, 0.63) | 0.33 (−0.05, 0.70) | 0.80 (−0.55, 2.16) | 2.98 (0.24, 5.79)** | 3.33 (−1.45, 8.34) |
| Lag 7 | −0.19 (−0.59, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.39, 0.37) | 0.12 (−1.24, 1.49) | −0.32 (−3.01, 2.44) | −2.16 (−6.79, 2.69) |
| Cold | |||||
| Lag 0 | 0.22 (−0.16, 0.60) | 0.27 (−0.05, 0.59) | 1.77 (0.74, 2.80)** | 0.89 (−0.27, 2.06) | 3.41 (0.96, 5.93)** |
| Lag 1 | 0.13 (−0.25, 0.51) | 0.18 (−0.14, 0.50) | 1.78 (0.64, 2.93)** | 1.05 (−0.11, 2.22) | 2.12 (−0.35, 4.65) |
| Lag 2 | 0.06 (−0.28, 0.41) | 0.16 (−0.13, 0.45) | 0.75 (−0.26, 1.78) | −0.07 (−1.17, 1.04) | 0.53 (−1.70, 2.80) |
| Lag 3 | −0.06 (−0.38, 0.26) | 0.05 (−0.23, 0.33) | −0.07 (−1.03, 0.89) | −0.39 (−1.48, 0.71) | −0.18 (−2.29, 1.97) |
| Lag 4 | 0.05 (−0.25, 0.35) | 0.13 (−0.15, 0.40) | −0.07 (−0.99, 0.86) | −0.30 (−1.37, 0.79) | −0.04 (−2.09, 2.06) |
| Lag 5 | 0.21 (−0.07, 0.49) | 0.29 (0.04, 0.55)** | 0.55 (−0.30, 1.41) | 0.03 (−1.02, 1.09) | 1.33 (−0.58, 3.28) |
| Lag 6 | 0.28 (0.01, 0.55)** | 0.37 (0.13, 0.62)** | 0.40 (−0.42, 1.23) | 0.53 (−0.53, 1.61) | 0.60 (−1.21, 2.44) |
| Lag 7 | 0.05 (−0.22, 0.33) | 0.15 (−0.10, 0.40) | −0.29 (−1.10, 0.53) | 0.25 (−0.79, 1.30) | −1.10 (−2.86, 0.69) |
Notes:
**
P<0.01;
*
P<0.05.
a
Percentage change (%) with 95% CIs in the relative risks with per 1 mg/m3 increase in CO levels.
Abbreviations: CO, carbon monoxide; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; PM2.5, particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM10, particulate matter ≤10 µm in aerodynamic diameter; SO2, sulfur dioxide.