Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 29.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res Lett. 2017 Aug 10;12(8):085006. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa751d

Table 3.

Potential emissions from rice residue burning for Vietnam. Comparison with the REAS emission inventory (Kurokawa et al 2013) and contribution of rice residues to total PM2.5 emissions are also shown. Error estimates for emissions are in parentheses. MRD = Mekong River Delta.

Scenario Rice area Mekong Delta (ha) Rice area rest of Vietnam (ha) Fuel load rest of Vietnam (kg ha−1) Fuel load Mekong Delta (kg ha−1) Combustion factor Proportion burned PM2.5 EF g kg−1 Rice burned MRD (Gg) Rice burned rest of Vietnam (Gg) Rice residue PM2.5 (Gg) Emissions inventory total PM2.5 (Gg) New total emissions inventory PM2.5 (Gg) Percent of total emissions from rice residue
Entirety of Vietnam: Maximum potential emissions (100% straw and stubble burned) 3858900 3563300 8800 7330 0.8 1 6.26 22628.59 25086.72 298.70 (±87.72) 519.81 818.50 36.49
Entirety of Vietnam: Most likely Scenario (50% straw) 3858900 3563300 2700 3470 0.8 0.5 6.26 5356.15 3848.36 57.62 (±17.76) 519.81 577.43 9.98
Entirety of Vietnam: Most likely Scenario (10% stubble) 3858900 3563300 6100 3867 0.8 0.1 6.26 1193.79 1738.89 18.36 (±5.22) 519.81 538.17 3.41
Entirety of Vietnam: Most likely Scenario (above two combined) 6549.94 5587.25 75.98 (±22.97) 519.81 595.79 13.39