Table 1.
Baseline Demographic Characteristics and Medical History Before and After Propensity Score Matching (continued)
| Characteristic | Before Propensity Score Matching | After Propensity Score Matching | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No LAAO, No. (%) (n = 71408) | LAAO, No. (%) (n = 4374) | No LAAO, No. (%) (n = 4295) | LAAO, No. (%) (n = 4295) | Standardized Difference, % | |
| Age, y | 65.8 (11.3) | 68.2 (10.6) | 68.4 (10.8) | 68.2 (10.6) | 1.5 |
| 18–64 | 30 157 (42.2) | 1471 (33.6) | 1431 (33.3) | 1442 (33.6) | 0.5 |
| 65–74 | 24265 (34.0) | 1528 (34.9) | 1461 (34.0) | 1497 (34.9) | 1.8 |
| ≥75 | 16 986 (23.8) | 1375 (31.4) | 1403 (32.7) | 1356 (31.6) | 2.3 |
| Women | 20 553 (28.8) | 1538 (35.2) | 1515 (35.3) | 1506 (35.1) | 0.4 |
| Race | |||||
| Asian | 1485 (2.1) | 64 (1.5) | 59 (1.4) | 64 (1.5) | 1.0 |
| Black | 6171 (8.6) | 307 (7.0) | 296 (6.9) | 305 (7.1) | 0.8 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 4310 (6.0) | 177 (4.0) | 175 (4.1) | 175 (4.1) | 0.0 |
| White | 54 863 (76.8) | 3486 (79.7) | 3424 (79.7) | 3421 (79.7) | 0.2 |
| Other/unknown | 4579 (6.4) | 340 (7.8) | 341 (7.9) | 330 (7.7) | 1.0 |
| Geographic region | |||||
| Midwest | 22 613 (31.7) | 1755 (40.1) | 1723 (40.1) | 1710 (39.8) | 0.6 |
| Northeast | 9500 (13.3) | 497 (11.4) | 500 (11.6) | 497 (11.6) | 0.2 |
| South | 32 436 (45.4) | 1527 (34.9) | 1495 (34.8) | 1516 (35.3) | 1.0 |
| West | 6859 (9.6) | 595 (13.6) | 577 (13.4) | 572 (13.3) | 0.3 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 22 423 (31.4) | 3298 (75.4) | 3219 (74.9) | 3219 (74.9) | 0.0 |
| Other supraventricular arrhythmia | 20 035 (28.1) | 2190 (50.1) | 2161 (50.3) | 2122 (49.4) | 1.8 |
| Thromboembolism | 12 038 (16.9) | 775 (17.7) | 806 (18.8) | 768 (17.9) | 2.3 |
| Heart failure | 28 182 (39.5) | 2422 (55.4) | 2402 (55.9) | 2367 (55.1) | 1.6 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 651 (44.3) | 1523 (34.8) | 1539 (35.8) | 1508 (35.1) | 1.5 |
| Stage 3–5 CKD | 9345 (13.1) | 600 (13.7) | 603 (14.0) | 595 (13.9) | 0.5 |
| Myocardial infarction | 29481 (41.3) | 1102 (25.2) | 1112 (25.9) | 1098 (25.6) | 0.7 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 12 530 (17.5) | 586 (13.4) | 596 (13.9) | 586 (13.6) | 0.7 |
| Major bleeding | 13 976 (19.6) | 1066 (24.4) | 1052 (24.5) | 1045 (24.3) | 0.4 |
| Intracranial bleeding | 928 (1.3) | 89 (2.0) | 83 (1.9) | 87 (2.0) | 0.7 |
| Hypertension | 64 537 (90.4) | 3874 (88.6) | 3803 (88.5) | 3807 (88.6) | 0.3 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 63 313 (88.7) | 3686 (84.3) | 3676 (85.6) | 3629 (84.5) | 3.1 |
| Falls | 6006 (8.4) | 441 (10.1) | 432 (10.1) | 430 (10.0) | 0.2 |
| Anemia | 46 228 (64.7) | 3178 (72.7) | 3161 (73.6) | 3119 (72.6) | 2.2 |
| COPD | 8914 (12.5) | 584 (13.4) | 563 (13.1) | 578 (13.5) | 1.0 |
| Alcoholism | 3688 (5.2) | 271 (6.2) | 271 (6.3) | 263 (6.1) | 0.8 |
| Obesity | 20785 (29.1) | 1235 (28.2) | 1207 (28.1) | 1213 (28.2) | 0.3 |
| Smoking | 30 554 (42.8) | 1647 (37.7) | 1585 (36.9) | 1627 (37.9) | 2.0 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 12 389 (17.3) | 921 (21.1) | 923 (21.5) | 896 (20.9) | 1.5 |
| Nonskin cancer | 10 089 (14.1) | 683 (15.6) | 662 (15.4) | 672 (15.6) | 0.6 |
| Ischemic stroke or systemic embolism | 9266 (13.0) | 580 (13.3) | 617 (14.4) | 575 (13.4) | 2.8 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 5705 (8.0) | 404 (9.2) | 426 (9.9) | 398 (9.3) | 2.2 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 8502 (11.9) | 767 (17.5) | 750 (17.5) | 749 (17.4) | 0.1 |
| Systolic heart failure | 12 015 (16.8) | 1114 (25.5) | 1126 (26.2) | 1078 (25.1) | 2.6 |
| Diabetes requiring insulin | 9115 (12.8) | 368 (8.4) | 363 (8.5) | 365 (8.5) | 0.2 |
| Dialysis | 1626 (2.3) | 67 (1.5) | 69 (1.6) | 67 (1.6) | 0.4 |
| Cardioversion | 2145 (3.0) | 680 (15.5) | 604 (14.1) | 622 (14.5) | 1.2 |
| Ablation | 673 (0.9) | 187 (4.3) | 167 (3.9) | 174 (4.1) | 0.8 |
| Pacemaker or ICD | 5269 (7.4) | 567 (13.0) | 580 (13.5) | 556 (12.9) | 1.6 |
| PCI | 9474 (13.3) | 354 (8.1) | 344 (8.0) | 351 (8.2) | 0.6 |
| Liver disease | 9262 (13.0) | 579 (13.2) | 563 (13.1) | 569 (13.2) | 0.4 |
| Depression | 22 088 (30.9) | 1385 (31.7) | 1375 (32.0) | 1358 (31.6) | 0.8 |
| Dementia | 1832 (2.6) | 129 (2.9) | 130 (3.0) | 127 (3.0) | 0.4 |
| Hypothyroidism | 14826 (20.8) | 1041 (23.8) | 1053 (24.5) | 1019 (23.7) | 1.9 |
| Thyrotoxicosis | 2134 (3.0) | 191 (4.4) | 189 (4.4) | 185 (4.3) | 0.5 |
| Ulcer in upper GI tract | 3688 (5.2) | 232 (5.3) | 244 (5.7) | 229 (5.3) | 1.5 |
| Preoperative endocarditis | 786 (1.1) | 71 (1.6) | 81 (1.9) | 71 (1.7) | 1.8 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc scorea | |||||
| 0,1 | 7901 (11.1) | 471 (10.8) | 457 (10.6) | 460 (10.7) | 0.2 |
| 2, 3 | 26 982 (37.8) | 1515 (34.6) | 1398 (32.5) | 1482 (34.5) | 4.1 |
| ≥4 | 36 525 (51.1) | 2388 (54.6) | 2440 (56.8) | 2353 (54.8) | 4.1 |
| HAS-BLED score ≥3b | 42 278 (59.2) | 2782 (63.6) | 2808 (65.4) | 2733 (63.6) | 3.6 |
| Baseline medication | |||||
| Oral anticoagulant | 4393 (6.2) | 1368 (31.3) | 1308 (30.5) | 1308 (30.5) | 0.0 |
| Antiplatelet | 9834 (13.8) | 327 (7.5) | 313 (7.3) | 327 (7.6) | 1.2 |
| Rate-control drugs | 32 320 (45.3) | 2455 (56.1) | 2411 (56.1) | 2389 (55.6) | 1.0 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | 2302 (3.2) | 601 (13.7) | 539 (12.5) | 546 (12.7) | 0.5 |
| Other adrenergic blocking agents | 3798 (5.3) | 206 (4.7) | 206 (4.8) | 204 (4.7) | 0.2 |
| Other calcium channel blockers | 11 372 (15.9) | 575 (13.1) | 570 (13.3) | 571 (13.3) | 0.1 |
| Renin-angiotensin system antagonists | 30 801 (43.1) | 1896 (43.3) | 1875 (43.7) | 1863 (43.4) | 0.6 |
| Loop diuretics | 9270 (13.0) | 1165 (26.6) | 1108 (25.8) | 1126 (26.2) | 1.0 |
| Thiazides | 11 382 (15.9) | 627 (14.3) | 598 (13.9) | 623 (14.5) | 1.7 |
| Cholesterol-lowering drugs | 34414 (48.2) | 2009 (45.9) | 1998 (46.5) | 1979 (46.1) | 0.9 |
| NSAIDs | 7008 (9.8) | 372 (8.5) | 377 (8.8) | 359 (8.4) | 1.5 |
| Diabetes drugs | 13 483 (18.9) | 552 (12.6) | 575 (13.4) | 547 (12.7) | 1.9 |
| Antiulcer agents | 13 144 (18.4) | 826 (18.9) | 815 (19.0) | 811 (18.9) | 0.2 |
| Preoperative medication | |||||
| β-Blocker | 6115 (8.6) | 345 (7.9) | 369 (8.6) | 340 (7.9) | 2.5 |
| Amiodarone | 573 (0.8) | 79 (1.8) | 72 (1.7) | 74(1.7) | 0.4 |
| Statin | 5404 (7.6) | 290 (6.6) | 263 (6.1) | 288 (6.7) | 2.4 |
| Corticosteroid | 1492 (2.1) | 81 (1.9) | 100 (2.3) | 81 (1.9) | 3.1 |
| Laboratory results, mean (SD) | |||||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 (2.9) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.5) | 6.6 |
| Serum calcium, mg/dL | 9.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.5) | 2.2 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.4) | 2.7 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.7 (1.8) | 13.5 (1.8) | 13.4 (1.8) | 13.5 (1.8) | 7.7 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 104.0 (39.6) | 97.6 (35.6) | 96.0 (34.9) | 97.5 (35.6) | 4.3 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.1 (1.7) | 6.7 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.4) | 0.7 |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GI, gastrointestinal; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LAAO, surgical occlusion of the left atrial appendage; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
SI conversion factors: To convert creatinine values to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4; calcium values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.25; LDL-C values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.
a
Range, 0 to 9; higher score indicates higher risk of stroke. Point score is calculated as 1 point each for heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, and female sex; 2 points for 75 years or older and prior stroke, TIA, or thromboembolism.
b
Range, 0 to 9; higher score indicates higher risk of bleeding. Point score is calculated as 1 point each for hypertension, abnormal kidney function, abnormal liver function, prior stroke, prior bleeding or bleeding predisposition, labile international normalized ratio (INR), older than 65 years, medication usage predisposing to bleeding, and alcohol use. This study did not consider INR, so the range is 0 to 8.